东祁连山不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染评价

本研究通过对东祁连山不同土地利用类型下土壤的7种重金属含量进行测定,结合青藏高原土壤元素背景值,对土壤重金属污染程度和综合潜在生态风险做出综合性评价。结果表明：7种重金属元素的均值都超过了土壤元素背景值,其中Zn和Ni平均含量较高,为196.67 mg·kg^-1和74.28 mg·kg^-1,分别是土壤背景值的3.20和3.00倍,形成了土壤重金属元素的富集现象;内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险系数法分析显示,各类型土地平均内梅罗综合污染指数为2.84,属于中度污染程度,其中农田平均污染指数最大,为3.10,达到了重度污染水平;草地为2.71,湿地最小为2.49,均为中度污染水平。各类型土地的综合潜在生态风险系数为94.31,其中农田类风险系数最高,为101.90,草地类为92.22,湿地为73.29;各类型土壤中Zn元素变异系数最低;Cd元素变异系数最高。     

生草对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响

为探究不同生草模式对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响,试验设置多年生黑麦草+毛苕子(Mode 1)、多年生黑麦草+草木樨(Mode 2)、多年生黑麦草+白三叶(Mode 3)及鼠茅草(Mode 4),以自然生草处理为对照(CK),观察草种生长特性、研究生草对果园耕层(0～20 cm)土壤养分影响,采用高通量测序法分析细菌群落结构。结果表明：鼠茅草越冬率最高,样地杂草株数最少。人工生草较自然生草有机质提高了6.46%～38.63%,以多年生黑麦草+毛苕子效果更为明显,且该处理提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最为显著,分别为3.37、44.17和3.46 mg·d^-1·g^-1。同时,与自然生草相比,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子、多年生黑麦草+草木樨和多年生黑麦草+白三叶提高了土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子存在最多差异显著的细菌分支。综上,关中地区有机猕猴桃园种植多年生黑麦草+毛苕子在一定程度上有助于提高土壤有机质及养分含量,改善土壤微生态环境。     

西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植联合播种机的设计与试验

针对西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植机具短缺、机械化程度低等问题,设计西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植联合播种机。该机由旋耕装置、起垄装置、覆土装置、施肥装置、播种装置及机架等组成,能够实现旋耕、起垄、施肥、双幅覆膜覆土、镇压及播种等多个作业过程。对播种机关键部件进行设计与分析,利用离散元模型对覆土过程进行模拟仿真,分析覆土过程中膜边膜上覆土均匀性;采用DEM-MBD对大豆玉米播种装置耦合仿真,分析大豆玉米播种装置播种均匀性。仿真结果表明：1）土壤因跳跃和泼撒而落到垄面的颗粒数≤1.3%;2）播种装置对大豆和玉米种子挤压力≤10 N,土壤颗粒对鸭嘴的阻力≤50 N。田间试验结果表明：玉米播种装置播种合格率、漏播率和重播率分别为95.63%、1.65%和2.72%,大豆播种装置播种合格率、漏播率和重播率分别为91.24%、0%和8.76%,机组作业期间运行稳定,具有良好的作业效果,满足大豆玉米带状复合种植需求。     

Bottom soil quality in Tilapia ponds of different age in Thailand

Bottom soil samples were collected from 35 ponds in the vicinity of Samutprakarn, Thailand. Ponds ranged in age from 3 to 39 years and had been used continuously for production of tilapia. Liming materials had been applied in large amounts, and bottom soils of all ponds had pH above 7, low exchange acidity, and free carbonate. Pond soils often contained between 1% and 2% total sulphur, suggesting that they were potential acid–sulphate soils. However, acidity from sulphide oxidation was not expressed because carbonate in the soil neutralized it. Concentrations of total carbon seldom exceeded 4% and the average for organic carbon was 1.90%. The correlations between pond age and both total carbon and organic carbon concentration were weak (r=0.34 and 0.36 respectively). Concentrations of nitrogen in bottom soils did not differ with pond age and ranged from 0.1% to 0.3% with an average of 0.19%. The average ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was 11. Acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations averaged 217 mg kg^?1, but the phosphorus adsorption capacity averaged 768 mg kg^?1 suggesting that soils still have considerable reserve capacity to adsorb phosphorus. Ponds can be used annually for semi‐intensive production of tilapia, and presumably other species, for many years without serious deterioration of bottom soil quality.     

Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

无花果越冬防寒技术研究

在同等环境条件下,分别对无花果采用土壤埋实法、草绳缠绕法、橡塑缠绕法3种防寒措施,越冬后,比较3种措施以及不同的埋实深度、缠绕高度对无花果萌芽、展叶时间以及受冻情况的影响.结果表明:利用土壤埋实法越冬的无花果萌芽、展叶时间早,受冻株数少,长势最好,最佳的埋实深度为30 cm,无花果可安全越冬.     

2种离子固化剂改善黄土抗剪强度和抗渗性的研究

为了探讨CONAID和LUKANG 2种离子固化剂的固土性能及其影响因素,对不同固化剂掺量、养护龄期、压实度和含水率的固化黄土进行了直剪试验和渗透试验.研究结果表明:随着固化荆掺量、养护龄期和压实度增大,2种固化土的内摩擦角和黏聚力呈上升趋势,渗透系数呈下降趋势,且规律比较接近.其中LUKANG固化剂对黄土抗剪强度和抗渗性的改善效果优于CONAID固化荆.建议在施工过程中选用LUKANG固化剂,掺量宜取0.01%.为了达到更好的抗剪和抗渗效果,应尽量延长固化土的养护龄期,增加压实度.     

干旱地区土壤保墒增墒的有效措施

旱灾是制约辽西地区农业发展的重要因素。针对辽西干旱地区农业生产实际,介绍深松和坐水播种技术及其作用,并通过应用试验以验证其对土壤的保墒增墒效果。试验结果表明,在干旱条件下采用这两种技术可有效改善土壤情况,为种子发芽出苗创造适宜的环境条件。     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林土壤酶活性的异质性

利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同死亡程度云冷杉林表层土壤（0~20cm）酶活性空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明：①土壤脲酶变异函数曲线的理论模型符合线性模型,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的理论模型符合指数模型或球状模型。②土壤酶活性各项指标的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性指标的空间自相关程度均属较强以上（空间结构比均在75%以上）,土壤转化酶为中等（空间结构比均在25%以上）,土壤脲酶在较弱到中等之间变化。③云冷杉林表层土壤过氧化氢酶的自相关范围最大（0.58~3.08 m）,转化酶和碱性磷酸酶分别为1.41~3.98 m和0.91~4.29 m,而土壤脲酶自相关范围最小（15.426~16.673 m）。④土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的空间格局明显,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶的分数维分别为1.930~1.990,1.910~1.986,1.923~1.997和1.936~1.970。