壤质土叶面喷施不同养分对强筋小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响

在壤质土条件下,不同养分叶面喷施对强筋小麦的株高、成穗数影响不显著;叶面喷洒0.1%MnSO4、0.05%(NH 4)2M oO2和0.3%KH 2PO4、2%CO(NH 2)2等能提高强筋小麦的千粒重和产量。喷洒2%CO(NH 2)2和0.1%M nSO4有利于蛋白质和蛋白组分的提高。     

白浆型水稻土生物硅肥的应用效果

通过田间试验研究了生物硅肥的施用效果。试验结果表明:生物硅肥可以提高水稻的抗逆性和产量,施硅肥各处理产量均表现为高于对照,平均增产7.3%,在白浆土上每公顷基施150kg生物硅肥处理,增产最高,增产率达15%。     

Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

西宁盆地4种草本和灌木植物降盐效应试验研究

以西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区为研究区,筛选出适宜当地气候条件下生长的2种灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王[Zygophyllum xanthoxylon(Bunge)Maxim.]和2种草本植物细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum cv.Slender)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn.)作为试验供试种,在试验区对4种植物采用单一种植和组合种植方式,探讨2种种植条件下植物根系在边坡地表以下垂直方向土体中K^+、Ca^2+、Na^+、Mg^2+、SO4^2-、Cl^-、HCO3^-、CO3^2-等8种易溶盐离子含量及其变化特征,评价了区内2种草本和2种灌木植物降低边坡土体盐分的能力。结果表明:单一种植细茎冰草、紫花苜蓿、柠条锦鸡儿、霸王对边坡土体中SO4^2-、Ca^2+、Na^+具有显著降低作用,草本与灌木组合Ⅰ(柠条锦鸡儿+紫花苜蓿+细茎冰草组合)和草本与灌木组合Ⅱ(霸王+紫花苜蓿+细茎冰草组合)对边坡土体中SO4^2-、Ca^2+、Mg^2+、K^+、Na^+表现出显著降低作用;紫花苜蓿的降盐效果相对较为显著、其次为柠条锦鸡儿和细茎冰草,霸王的降盐效果不及前者显著;草本与灌木组合Ⅱ的降盐效果相对显著于草本与灌木组合Ⅰ。     

春玉米叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分的阈值响应及其生产力分级

试验设正常灌水处理和干旱胁迫处理,讨论春玉米叶片的光合生理参数对土壤水分的阈值响应并进行生产力分级。结果表明:正常灌水处理的叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈单峰曲线变化,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)对水分变化具有相反的响应变化。干旱胁迫处理下叶片的Pn、Tr在进行控水后明显下降,灌浆以前Pn下降主要是由气孔限制引起的。随着水分胁迫的加剧,光合结构受损,Pn下降,主要受非气孔因素限制。短期干旱胁迫会适当降低玉米的水分利用效率(WUE),但是下降程度不显著,WUE能达到中等水平。长期严重的水分胁迫后,WUE下降明显,与正常灌水处理相比差异极显著。以光合生理参数为指标对玉米土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价,确定当36.8%<土壤相对湿度(RWC)<42.7%时为低产低效水;42.7%相似文献   

土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特性及其生物量的影响

紫花苜蓿是我国重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱能力,而水分亏缺是影响其产量的主要逆境因子之一。通过大田试验对不同水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合特性及产量进行研究,结果表明:①土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光响应参数影响显著(P<0.05),随着水分胁迫的加剧,最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点逐渐降低,暗呼吸速率、光补偿点逐渐升高,从而直接影响紫花苜蓿光合作用对弱光的吸收和转化效率。②随着水分胁迫的加剧紫花苜蓿叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著的下降趋势,气孔导度(Gs)呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明轻度水分胁迫下气孔因素是Pn下降的主要因素,中度和重度水分胁迫下非气孔因素是Pn降低的主要因素。③当光合有效辐射(PAR)为1200μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,轻度水分胁迫的水分利用效率(WUE)显著大于充分灌溉的WUE(P<0.05),表明适度水分胁迫可提高紫花苜蓿叶片的水分利用效率。④轻度水分胁迫与充分灌溉干草产量之间无显著差异,表明轻度水分胁迫能达到高产节水的目的。     

不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型薯疮痂病防控效果及其微生态效应分析

通过田间小区试验评价了6个不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型马铃薯疮痂病的防效,并采用16S核糖体基因高通量测序技术研究了蛭石中细菌群落结构的变化.试验结果显示,棉隆+青霉菌34107处理对疮痂病防效最好(93.43％),显著高于对照药剂中生菌素处理(65.10％);而且商品薯的数量和经济效益也最高,分别达到348.3万个/hm...     

土壤铅和镉溶出伏安法检测中影响因素及其削弱方法研究进展

溶出伏安法具有分析速度快、成本低、灵敏度高等优点被广泛应用于检测土壤重金属含量,但在检测土壤重金属时,溶出伏安检测精度会受到多方面因素的影响。该文在介绍溶出伏安法工作原理的基础上,从伏安参数、试验条件和土壤物质成分三方面阐述溶出伏安法检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+为的影响因素,解析各因素的影响机理,归纳影响削弱方法的研究进展。研究结论为：方波脉冲阳极溶出伏安法最常用于检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+,伏安参数包括脉冲幅值、电压增量和脉冲频率,试验条件包括沉积时间、沉积电压和支持电解质种类及其pH值,土壤成分主要干扰因素包括非目标重金属和有机质。针对伏安参数和试验条件的影响可以设计优化试验有效削弱。针对非目标重金属和有机质的干扰影响,目前研究还没有提出有效的削弱方法。最后,展望了溶出伏安法检测土壤重金属的未来发展方向。