Nitrogen use efficiency in selected rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under different water regimes and nitrogen levels

Water and nutrient availability are two major constraints in most rice-based rainfed shallow lowland systems of Asia. Both stresses interact and contribute to the low productivity and widespread poverty in this environment. The objective of this study was to improve the understanding of interaction between the two factors and to identify varietal characteristics beneficial for productivity in a water- and nutrient-limited rice environment. For this purpose, we screened 19 rice genotypes adapted to different rice environments under two water and two nutrient treatments during the wet season of 2004 and 2005 in southern Luzon, Philippines. Across all genotypes tested and in comparison with the irrigated control, rainfed conditions reduced grain yield of the treatment without N application by 69% in 2004 and by 59% in 2005. The mean nitrogen fertilizer response was highest in the dryer season of 2004 and the rainfed treatment, indicating that water stress had no effect on fertilizer response. Nitrogen application reduced the relative yield loss to 49% of the irrigated treatment in 2004 and to 52% of the irrigated treatment in 2005. Internal efficiency of N (IEN) and recovery efficiency of applied N (REN) were significantly different between genotypes, but were not affected by water availability (REN) or by water and nutrient availability (IEN). In contrast, grain yield and total N uptake were affected by cultivar, N and water availability. Therefore, germplasm for rainfed environments should be screened under conditions of limited and good nitrogen and water supplies. The four best cultivars, CT6510-24-1-2, IR55423-01, IR72, and IR57514-PMI5-B-1-2, performed well across all treatments and both years. Except for IR72, they were all characterized by medium height, medium duration, high early vigor, and a moderate level of drought tolerance. This combination of characteristics seems to enable the optimal use of limited water and nutrient resources occurring in many shallow rainfed lowlands. We also concluded that moderate drought stress does not necessarily affect the response to moderate N rates, provided that drought does not induce high spikelet sterility and that fertilizer N is properly managed.     

渭北旱原陕229小麦高产栽培模式的研究

采用５因素二次正交旋转设计，对渭北旱原影响陕２２９小麦产量形成的播期、密度、施肥量（Ｎ、Ｐ、油渣）等５项关键性的高产措施进行了定量化的综合研究，建立了渭北旱原陕２２９小麦高产栽培模式，确定了最佳农艺措施组合方案。并利用产量反应模型，研究了各项农艺措施对产量形成的单独反应以及各项农艺措施之间的交互效应。     

Yield of rice under water and soil salinity risks in farmers’ fields in northeast Thailand

This study focused on the variability of rice yield under water and soil salinity risks in farmers’ fields in northeast Thailand. A rice plot was monitored in 24, 16 and 11 farmers’ fields during the rice seasons 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The results emphasized that few plots were continuously submerged during the 2005 season, when rainfall was low. Drought significantly affected the rice yield, yield components and the internal efficiency (IE) of the absorbed nutrients, while slight soil salinity had the only significant effect of increasing the IE of potassium (IEK). In the very rainy 2006 and 2007 seasons, most fields were continuously submerged, and in contrast to 2005, the slight soil salinity that was recorded had significant effects not only on IEK, but also on rice yield, spikelet sterility and 1000-grain weight. The yield decrease due to drought was about 87% and that due to salinity was 20%. When neither salinity nor water were limiting, the soil nutrient supply was high enough to achieve about 80% of the maximum yield reported in the literature for the rice cultivar in this area. As both drought and salinity risks are hardly avoided by the current farmers’ management they should be taken into account in the way technical recommendations to farmers are formulated.     

Spatial and temporal trends of water productivity in the lower Mekong River Basin

We estimate the physical and economic water productivities of rice and upland crops grown in the Lower Mekong River Basin and we examine their spatial and temporal trends. We discuss the constraints to low productivity, suggest measures for improvement and show the future productivity requirements for food security for increased population. Both the physical and economic water productivities of rice are higher in Vietnam, moderate in Laos, and lower in Thailand and Cambodia. In contrast, the physical water productivities of upland crops such as sugarcane and maize are highest in Thailand. The economic water productivity of upland crops is higher in Laos followed by Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand, and is much higher than that of rice. However, the economic productivity of all crops is dominated by the productivity of rice, particularly lowland rainfed rice, which is the dominant crop in the Lower Basin. The intra-regional variation (among the provinces within a country) of productivity is not substantial. There is an increasing trend of both physical and economic water productivity in all four riparian countries; however, the increase is more prominent in Laos and Vietnam. The economic productivity of upland crops is much higher than that of rice and therefore cultivation of more upland crops can significantly increase farm-level incomes, with positive impacts on reducing poverty. Increasing upland crops areas is unlikely to have any impact on the food security of the basin. The current rate of increase of both production and productivity of rice is considerably greater than the rate required to feed the expected extra population by 2050, suggesting that food security is not threatened by the population increase. There appears to be considerable scope to increase productivity and maintain the export potential of the basin.     

施氮深度对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

为确定黄淮冬麦区旱地小麦施氮技术的最佳施肥深度,2010-2012连续两年度在大田条件下设置氮肥表面撒施(D1),施氮深度10 cm (D2)、20 cm (D3)和30 cm (D4) 4个处理,研究了施氮深度对旱地小麦山农16和烟农0428耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响。与D1和D2处理相比,D3和D4处理在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的耗水量显著提高,40~120 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著增加,在降水量较丰富的2011-2012年度,D3和D4处理120~160 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量也显著高于D1和D2处理(高4.0~5.3 mm), 说明20~30 cm施氮肥有利于提高土壤水分的利用, 尤其是土壤深层贮水的利用,满足小麦拔节后的水分需求; D3和D4处理拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期干物质积累量均显著高于D1和D2处理,成熟期和开花后干物质积累量分别高642.1~2006.8 kg hm^-2和394.5~723.1 kg hm^-2。D3的籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力与D4无显著差异,均显著高于D1和D2,水分利用效率较高。因此,20 cm是黄淮冬麦区旱地冬小麦的适宜施氮深度。     

生物质炭施用对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,观测分析不同生物质炭用量(0、20和40 t/hm~2)下马铃薯产量、品质和土壤肥力的变化及其年际效应,为生物质炭在马铃薯生产过程中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明,低剂量生物质炭施用(20 t/hm~2)显著提高了马铃薯总产量和商品率,生物质炭施用后第一年马铃薯总产量比对照提高了41.08%。当生物质炭用量为40 t/hm~2时,马铃薯产量与对照没有显著差异但降低了一些品质指标,其中2016年干物质和淀粉含量比对照降低了18.47%和24.03%。生物质炭施用显著提高了土壤有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量,并增加了土壤C/N和电导率;而对土壤p H和全氮含量的影响与生物质炭施用年限有关。生物质炭施用量和施用年限显著影响马铃薯产量和品质。低剂量生物质炭施用能显著提高马铃薯产量,但第二年无增产效果;随着生物质炭用量增加马铃薯增产效果消失,还可能会降低马铃薯品质。生物质炭施用后马铃薯产量变化与土壤紧实度改善无必然联系。     

Changes in daily rainfall characteristics in major rice producing provinces in Laos

In order to find the changes in rainfall characteristics and to examine the flood damage to lowland rice, a statistical analysis was carried out on the 40-year daily rainfall record at four rainfall stations (Thangon, Paksane, Seno, and Pakse) in Laos. The rainfall record was divided into two periods of 20 years each. The results of this analysis revealed the trends in changes regarding the frequency and the timing of the heavy daily rainfall events at the four stations. In Paksane in particular, heavy daily rainfall events tended to occur in the latter half of the rainy season.     

微孔膜覆盖穴播小麦生态效应研究

微孔膜小麦在冬前、拔节期有较好的生物学效应;在小麦全生育期有较好的温度效应;有效抑制了土壤水分的无效蒸发,较好地满足了小麦主要生育阶段水分需求,水分生产效率（１．０４１ｋｇ／ｍｍ）较对照提高３９．５％,产量达４４６１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

荒漠草原区灌溉和旱作条件下蒙古冰草和新麦草产草量的构成因素

对荒漠草原区灌溉和旱作条件下蒙古冰草和新麦草的适应性、单株产草量构成因子及其贡献率进行了研究。结果表明:灌溉条件下蒙古冰草和新麦草单株产草量及其各构成因子产量或数值皆大于旱作条件下;旱作条件下蒙古冰草产草量构成因子对单株产草量的贡献率大小顺序为,茎重>株高>穗重>分蘖数>叶重,新麦草为茎重>分蘖数>株高>叶重>穗重;灌溉条件下蒙古冰草产草量构成因子对单株产草量的贡献率大小顺序为,茎重>分蘖数>株高>穗重>叶重,新麦草为茎重>株高>分蘖数>叶重>穗重。     

渭北旱塬春玉米生产力及其水分条件评价

田间试验表明,渭北旱塬春玉米最大生产力为8350.5kg/hm~2,需水量为442.2mm。根据自然降水总量及降水分布与春玉米、冬小麦需水量及需水规律的关系,适当扩大春玉米种植面积,不仅可增加粮食产量,而且可保持农田良性的物质、能量循环体系。