植物基因组选择及其应用研究进展

为促进基因组选择在植物遗传改良中的应用,笔者总结了基因组选择的原理与方法、分析了基因组选择育种的统计方法,指出了各种因素对基因组选择的影响,总结了基因组选择面临的挑战,并讨论了基因组选择在植物数量性状分子育种研究中可能的应用。认为随着基因型分析成本的降低和统计方法的发展,植物基因组选择将会逐步完善,将在植物基因组育种中发挥重要的作用。     

播期对国豪玉7号生长发育及产量的影响

以国豪玉7号为材料,研究了4个播期对其生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:国豪玉7号在4月12日播种时,其株高、穗位高、抗倒性、干物质积累量、秃尖长、穗粒数、产量表现最优,其中产量与其他播期处理之间存在极显著的差异。初步得出,该品种在四川地区的适宜播期为4月12日。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling grain size and shape in the D genome of synthetic hexaploid wheat lines

Synthetic hexaploid wheat is an effective genetic resource for transferring agronomically important genes from Aegilops tauschii to common wheat. Wide variation in grain size and shape, one of the main targets for wheat breeding, has been observed among Ae. tauschii accessions. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for grain size and shape variation in the wheat D genome under a hexaploid genetic background, six parameters related to grain size and shape were measured using SmartGrain digital image software and QTL analysis was conducted using four F₂ mapping populations of wheat synthetic hexaploids. In total, 18 QTLs for the six parameters were found on five of the seven D-genome chromosomes. The identified QTLs significantly contributed to the variation in grain size and shape among the synthetic wheat lines, implying that the D-genome QTLs might be at least partly functional in hexaploid wheat. Thus, synthetic wheat lines with diverse D genomes from Ae. tauschii are useful resources for the identification of agronomically important loci that function in hexaploid wheat.     

Crop breeding for salt tolerance in the era of molecular markers and marker‐assisted selection

Crop salt tolerance (ST) is a complex trait affected by numerous genetic and non‐genetic factors, and its improvement via conventional breeding has been slow. Recent advancements in biotechnology have led to the development of more efficient selection tools to substitute phenotype‐based selection systems. Molecular markers associated with genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting important traits are identified, which could be used as indirect selection criteria to improve breeding efficiency via marker‐assisted selection (MAS). While the use of MAS for manipulating simple traits has been streamlined in many plant breeding programmes, MAS for improving complex traits seems to be at infancy stage. Numerous QTLs have been reported for ST in different crop species; however, few commercial cultivars or breeding lines with improved ST have been developed via MAS. We review genes and QTLs identified with positive effects on ST in different plant species and discuss the prospects for developing crop ST via MAS. With the current advances in marker technology and a better handling of genotype by environment interaction effects, the utility of MAS for breeding for ST will gain momentum.     

Identification of QTLs for growth period traits in soybean using association analysis and linkage mapping

The growth period traits of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) are quantitatively inherited and crucial for its adaptation to different environments. Association analysis and linkage mapping were used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for days to flowering (DF), days from flowering to maturity (DFM) and days to maturity (DM). Considering the effect of sowing date, the phenotypes were evaluated in three or four sowing‐date‐experiments in each year. A total of 96 associations, involving 19 SSRs corresponding to DF, DFM and/or DM, were identified by association mapping. Six, eight and two QTLs were observed relating to DF, DFM and DM by linkage mapping, respectively, and some QTLs were shared by DF, DFM and DM. Four SSRs (Satt150, Satt489, Satt172 and Sat_312) were found to be related to the growth period traits using the two mapping methods. In summary, association analysis and linkage mapping can complement and verify results from both methods to identify QTLs in soybean, and these findings may be useful in facilitating the selection of growth period–related traits via marker‐assisted selection.     

水稻第1染色体长臂上微效千粒重QTL qTGW1.2的验证与分解

本文报道了水稻第1染色体长臂上微效千粒重QTL qTGW1.2的验证和分解。针对前期qTGW1.2定位结果, 应用SSR标记检测, 从籼籼交组合珍汕97³/密阳46衍生的1个BC₂F_{7分离群体中, 筛选到杂合区间分别为RM11621-RM297和RM212-RM265的2个单株, 构建了两套BC2F8:9近等基因系, 将qTGW1.2进一步界定在RM212-RM265及其两侧交换区间的区域内。}在此基础上, 筛选出5个在目标区间内分离片段缩小且呈阶梯状排列的单株, 衍生了5套BC₂F₁₀分离群体, 应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5进行QTL分析。结果表明, 每套群体均检测到千粒重QTL, 加性效应为0.13~0.38 g, 来自密阳46的等位基因提高千粒重; 经比较各个群体的分离区间, 将qTGW1.2分解为互引连锁的2个QTL, 其中, qTGW1.2a位于RM11730和RM11762之间934 kb的区域内, 呈加性作用, qTGW1.2b位于RM11800和RM11885之间2.1 Mb的区域内, 呈正向超显性。     

利用9311来源的粳型染色体片段代换系定位控制稻米糊化温度的微效QTL

糊化温度(gelatinization temperature, GT)是评价稻米蒸煮与食味品质的重要因素之一, 除受一主效基因控制外, 还受多个微效基因的影响。本研究利用粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻品种9311作为受体和供体来源的一套染色体片段代换系为研究对象, 于2010-2011年连续2年分别于2个环境内种植, 测定各株系稻米的糊化温度(碱消值), 利用t测验与轮回亲本比较。结合高通量重测序技术鉴定各代换系的基因型, 以一年两地检出的极显著差异位点作为一个QTL, 共检测到4个控制GT的微效QTL, 即qGT2-1、qGT7-1、qGT8-1和qGT12-1, 分别位于第2、7、8和12号染色体上。加性效应分析结果显示, 4个QTL的效应值均为负值, 表明来自籼稻品种9311的这4个片段对碱消值的效应均为负效应。其中qGT7-1和qGT12-12个QTL在2年4个环境均被检测到, 遗传效应的趋势也一致, 加性效应贡献率为11.31%~28.95%。以受体亲本碱消值差异最大的代换系N53株系及亲本为材料, 对稻米淀粉精细结构进行分析, 推测支链淀粉中短链含量的减少可能会引起GT的升高。上述结果为进一步精细定位和克隆相应QTL及开展稻米品质改良的分子育种奠定了基础。     

Identification of molecular markers linked to salt‐tolerant genes at germination stage of rice

An F_2 : 4 population derived from the cross between salt‐tolerant variety ‘Gharib’ (indica) and salt‐sensitive variety Sepidroud (indica) was used to determine the germination traits. The seeds were treated with 80 mm NaCl (salt stress), and 11 traits were determined as indicators for salt‐tolerant including germination rate, germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, coleoptile length, plumule fresh and dry weight, radicle fresh and dry weight and coleoptile fresh and dry weight. A linkage map of 2475.7 cM with an average interval of 10.48 cM was constructed using 105 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and 131 SSR markers. As many as that 17 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected related to germination traits under salt stress condition; some of them are being reported for first time. Also, overlapping of QTLs related to salt tolerance was observed in this study. The identification of genomic regions associated with salt‐tolerant and its components under salt stress will be useful for marker‐based approaches to improve salt‐tolerant for farmers in salt‐prone rice environments.     

Quantitative trait loci for quality and agronomic traits in two advanced backcross populations in oat (Avena sativa L.)

Using the advanced backcross quantitative trait loci (AB‐QTL) strategy, we successfully transferred and mapped valuable allelic variants from the high β‐glucan (BG) accession IAH611 (PI 502955), into the genome of cultivar ‘Iltis’. By backcrossing one BC₁F₁ plant to ‘Iltis’, we developed two BC₂F_2‐6 populations A and B, comprising 98 and 72 F₂‐individuals, respectively. Genotyping of BC₂F₂ individuals with predominantly AFLP markers resulted in 12 linkage groups with a map size of 455.4 cM for Population A and 11 linkage groups with a map size of 313.5 cM for Population B. Both populations were grown at three sites in Germany over a three‐year period. Individuals were then phenotyped for 13 traits including grain yield (YD) and β‐glucan content (BG). QTL analysis via stepwise regression detected a total of 33 QTLs, most of which were clustered in three linkage groups. Two dense linkage groups A1 and B13 were found to be putatively homologous to groups KO_6 and KO_11 of the ‘Kanota’/‘Ogle’ map, respectively.