灌溉量和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响，通过设置40 mm（W1）和60 mm（W2）两个灌水水平下不施氮肥（N0）、施用氮肥（U）、氮肥+硝化抑制剂（U+DCD）、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂（U+NBPT）、氮肥+双效抑制剂（U+N+D）5种氮肥施用措施，开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明：相较于施用氮肥处理，氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%，其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量，前者效果最优。相比于W1，W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长，构建模糊综合评价体系，得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。     

Irrigation Scheduling and Watermelon Yield Model for the Jordan Valley

A crop yield and soil water management simulation model (CRPSM) developed at Utah State University was modified, calibrated and tested using local weather data and field results from a trickle irrigation experiment with different mulching on watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ), carried out at the University of Jordan Research Station, in the Jordan Valley.
Simulated irrigation schedules were then applied with some of the four options provided by the model. The water yield index, WYI, introduced by B attikhi and H ill (1985) to select the most efficient schedule as based on yield and water use efficiency, was then determined. WYI ranged from 27 to 87. The field schedule, WM₂, had a WYI of 62. Whereas, the model provided a much better schedule, WM₇ (WYI = 86). WM₇ requires 17 irrigations of 2.0 cm per irrigation totaling a water supply of 44.1 cm with an irrigation season starting on April 7 to give a yield equivalent to the potential yield, 80.0 MT/ha. On the other hand, the best field schedule, WM₂ under transparent mulch, required 14 irrigations to provide 45.9 cm (including rainfall and soil moisture change), with a season starting on April 28 resulted in a yield of 68.8 MT/ha. So we can see that by using the same amounts of total water supply but with different schedule we can get the potential yield. The model has, therefore, provided few better schedules that can be tested in the field at lower costs before final recommendations are made.     

Evaluation of coastal sandy soils and their saline ground waters for afforestation: A case study from India

A study was conducted in coastal Andhra Pradesh to evaluate current practices and suitability of coastal sandy soils for raising tree plantations. Poor soil moisture retention characteristics of these soils make irrigation an essential, but costly silvicultural practice for obtaining desirable establishment and growth. Saline ground water is the only available source of irrigation. Its use seems safe and successful in such soils. The farmers have adopted a specialized manual splashing technique (Doruvu) of seepage pits for irrigating tree plantations in their establishment phase. This technique was observed to be well suited to the sandy soils. Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis were the two most popular species being afforested. E. camaldulensis is also in an introduction phase. Comparison of growth performance and biomass accumulation by C. equisetifolia and E. tereticornis plantations at different growth stages showed the former to be significantly better than the latter. Build up of the soil organic carbon was also found to be markedly more in comparable C. equisetifolia plantations than those of E. tereticornis. Similarly, the blanketing influence of C. equisetifolia plantations was observed to modify soil temperature extremes considerably more than in the case of E. tereticornis. The findings, indicated a vast scope for utilization of coastal sandy soils for afforestation with the successful use of saline ground waters.     

Effect of water stress conditioning on morphology,physiology and field performance of Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings

Five-month-old Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings were subjected to 4 irrigation treatments for 8 weeks. After the treatments, morphological and physiologicalattributes assessed included height, diameter, dry weight, water relations parameters, and determination of N, P, K, soluble carbohydrates, and starch concentrations. The remaining seedlings were field planted. Survival and height growth were recorded forfour growing seasons after planting. The mostsignificant effect of irrigation was onmorphology. Increased irrigation lead toseedlings with significantly higher height,root collar diameter and shoot and rootbiomass. Starch and soluble carbohydrateconcentrations were also affected byirrigation. However, parameters derived frompressure-volume curves were not significantlydifferent among treatments, nor were N, P, andK concentrations. There were no differencesamong treatments for survival in the field,which was highly related to summer rainfall. Incomparison, absolute and relative heightgrowth showed some significant but minordifferences among treatments.     

滴灌条件下4种树木生长发育规律的研究

通过对南疆干旱地区荒山绿化所采用的胡杨、沙枣、柽柳和白榆等4种主要造林树种在滴灌条件下的生长发育规律进行研究,结果表明:4种树木在滴灌条件下根系分布存在着明显差异;生长高峰期到达的时间不同,白榆生长高峰期最长,其次为沙枣、胡杨、柽柳;4种树木耐盐程度不同,柽柳耐盐性最强,在总盐含量2.26%的情况下,尚能生长。     

无动力智能节能型自动灌溉系统研究

介绍一种新型的农林植物喷灌设施——无动力智能节能型自动灌溉系统。该系统设计独特新颖,制造容易,投资费用低,节省劳力,对能源节约和环境保护具有重要意义。     

绿洲灌溉区与旱作区多龄苜蓿地土壤有机碳、氮及物理特性分析

以甘肃灌区和旱作区苜蓿(Medicago sativa)地土壤为研究对象,对不同地域的苜蓿地土壤全氮(TSN)、有机碳(SOC)、容重、含水量进行测定,结果表明:灌区SOC含量均高于旱作区,在90~100cm土层其含量与旱作区差值最大,达3.41g/kg。在0~100cm灌区SOC含量为6.81~12.49g/kg,均值为9.25g/kg,比旱作区高22%。旱作区TSN含量随土壤深度的增加而减小,含量在(1.03±0.01)~(0.44±0.04)g/kg。在0~30cm灌区TSN含量相对较稳定,差异不显著(P0.05),在30~60cm剖面全氮含量急剧下降,70~100cm含量变化较为稳定,TSN含量维持在(0.66±0.01)g/kg。旱作苜蓿地土壤含水量在0~60cm变化不显著(P0.05),0~100cm土壤含水量均值为(14.437±1.124)%,灌区苜蓿地土壤含水量均值为(16.025±2.029)%。随着土壤深度的增加,旱作区和灌区苜蓿地土壤容重均呈现依次增大的分布规律,旱作区最大值为(1.421±0.034)g/cm,比最小值高出17.5%,灌区最大值(1.332±0.017)g/cm,比最小值高出11.3%.     

景电灌区农田防护林衰败及优化模式

景电灌区农田防护林网是景电灌区防护林体系的重要组成部分,通过调查景电灌区农田防护林衰败现状,分析退化原因,提出优化改造模式,为景电灌区农田防护林更新改造从而发挥可持续效益提供技术支撑。结果表明,1)以杨树为主要树种的景电灌区农田防护林网目前呈严重衰败状态,尤其在个人管护的区域,残缺断代现象严重,部分地方甚至基本消失;2)病虫危害,耗水、胁地严重而被砍伐,耕地次生盐渍化导致树木生长不良、枯死,树种单一、结构不合理,管理不到位等是造成农田防护林衰败的主要原因;3)三倍体毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)、廊坊(P.langfanggensis)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)、刺槐(Robinia pseucdoacacia)、白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、鸣山大枣(Jujube minshan)等树种为该地区农田防护林建设的适宜树种,可采用农田防护林杨树优势树种轮换、针叶常绿树种优化改造、生态经济型防护林网营造等模式对景电灌区农田防护林网进行更新改造。农田防护林网的改造,将对完善防护林体系,保障景泰绿洲的安全产生重要意义。     

膜下滴灌结合暗管排水技术改良新疆盐碱地效果综述

膜下滴灌技术的大面积推广和应用,为新疆乃至西北干旱地区作物高产提供了强大的技术支撑。应用在盐碱地改良中,膜下滴灌“有灌无排”模式仅调节耕层盐分分布,并不能将盐分排出土体,长年灌溉容易引起爆发式积盐的风险,而暗管排水是目前公认的改良盐碱地最直接、最有效的方法。目前,将膜下滴灌与暗管排水有机结合形成的新型灌溉技术,充分利用膜下滴灌良好的抑蒸增温、节水抑盐等优势,同时利用暗管将淋洗盐水及时排出土体,使盐碱化土层产生新的水盐平衡,已在新疆盐碱地区开发利用中得到长足发展。本文重点分析并总结了新疆灌区膜下滴灌结合暗管排水系统的设计参数及土壤水盐运移规律,并综述了土壤理化性质及作物产量对该灌排技术的响应研究,以期为新疆盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术指导。     

新疆棉田灰漠土氨氧化微生物群落对灌溉水盐度和施氮量的响应

采用灌溉水盐度和施氮量两因素试验,其中灌溉水盐度设置2个水平：0.35 dS·m^-1（淡水,FW）和8.04 dS·m^-1（咸水,SW）,施氮量设2个水平：0（不施氮,N0）和360 kg·hm^-2（施氮,N360）,以咸水滴灌的棉田土壤为材料,测定了土壤理化性质和生物学指标,结果显示：（1）咸水滴灌显著增加土壤EC_1∶5和NH⁺₄-N含量,分别增加了457.74%和73.02%,但显著降低土壤NO^-₃-N含量,降低了35.88%;施氮显著增加土壤EC_1∶5、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N含量,分别增加了32.09%、668.33%和39.88%。（2）咸水滴灌显著降低了土壤潜在硝化势,较淡水处理降低了28.97%;施氮显著增加了土壤潜在硝化势,较不施氮处理增加了317.27%。（3）咸水滴灌显著降低氨氧化细菌(AOB)和全程氨氧化细菌A分支（amoA-clade-A）和B分支（amoA-clade-B）的基因拷贝数,分别降低了81.27%、73.49%和62.51%,但显著增加氨氧化古菌(AOA)的基因拷贝数,增加了487.94%;氮肥施用均显著增加了氨氧化微生物的基因拷贝数,分别增加了511.20%(AOA)、958.13%(AOB)、72.66%(amoA-clade-A)和31.18%(amoA-clade-B)。（4）氨氧化微生物优势菌属为假单胞菌属、嗜甲基菌属、亚硝化螺菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属、硝化螺菌属、寡养单胞菌属、食甲基菌属、螯台球菌属、囊胞杆菌属、亚硝基单胞菌属、红假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属和拉姆利式杆菌。（5）咸水滴灌降低了AOA的多样性和丰富度及amoA-clade-A的多样性,但增加了AOB和amoA-clade-B的多样性和丰富度及amoA-clade-A的丰富度;氮肥施用显著降低了AOA和AOB的丰富度及amoA-clade-A的丰富度和多样性,但增加了amoA-clade-B的丰富度和多样性。综上,盐分是影响氨氧化微生物群落结构的主要驱动因子,氨氧化古菌是土壤氨氧化作用的优势物种,而氨氧化细菌和全程氨氧化细菌A分支是咸水滴灌棉田氨氧化作用的主导微生物种群。