高产嗜铁素恶臭假单胞菌A3菌株的鉴定及其对黄瓜的促生作用

从大棚蔬菜根际土中分离到一株嗜铁素高产菌株A3,铬天青（CAS）法定量检测其嗜铁素相对含量达93.40%,Shenkers实验确定为羧酸型嗜铁素。在不同底物诱导下,该菌株可不同程度地产生吲哚乙酸（IAA）及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）脱氨酶,并具有一定的溶磷能力。根据形态特征、生理生化、API系统及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株A3鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）。在缺铁Hoagland营养液中添加难溶性铁及菌株A3嗜铁素发酵滤液的处理组,能够显著提高黄瓜幼苗的株高、根长、叶长、鲜重及叶绿素含量,表明菌株A3产生的嗜铁素在低铁条件下对黄瓜幼苗具有促生作用。     

不同种类蔬菜幼苗对铅的敏感性研究

采用水培方法,探讨了小白菜（叶菜类）、黄瓜、豇豆（瓜果类）和萝卜（根茎类）幼苗对重金属Pb的吸收累积量大小及Pb对其幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,蔬菜幼苗根和茎叶累积Pb量均随Pb处理浓度的增加而显著增加（P〈0.05）,且同一处理浓度下根中Pb含量远高于茎叶中Pb含量。蔬菜苗期根对Pb的敏感性排序为黄瓜〉小白菜〉萝卜〉豇豆,茎叶为小白菜〉萝卜〉黄瓜〉豇豆。低浓度的Pb对叶绿素的合成有一定程度的刺激作用,随Pb浓度增加,叶片中叶绿素含量降低。小白菜过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量随着Pb浓度的增大先增大后缓慢降低,其他3种蔬菜则表现为先减小后增大的趋势。此外,黄瓜和豇豆出芽率显著降低,4种蔬菜幼苗根长均明显受到抑制。     

木薯渣复合基质在辣椒穴盘育苗上的应用效果

为了综合利用木薯渣废弃资源,本研究以木薯渣作为基本原料,辅以不同比例的蔗渣、菌糠等,配制成9个配方的木薯渣复合基质,并进行理化性状分析和辣椒穴盘育苗试验。试验结果表明,绝大部分复合基质的容重、pH、C/N、电导率和大小孔隙比均在优良无土栽培基质要求的范围内;其中,复合基质配方2（67%木薯渣＋5%蔗渣）、配方7（62%木薯渣＋10%菌糠）和配方9（42%木薯渣＋30%菌糠）对辣椒穴盘育苗的效果最好,所对应的辣椒苗的株高、地上部鲜重和根鲜重均比其它基质配方高,辣椒苗根部结团效果亦较好。因此,利用木薯渣可以合成复合基质用于辣椒的无土栽培穴盘育苗,该研究结果将为木薯渣废弃资源的再利用提供了一条新的途径。     

旱盐交叉胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究不同干旱条件下盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,0.3%或0.6%的土壤含盐量可提高轻度(土壤相对含水量65%)和中度(土壤相对含水量50%)干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的生物量和植株含水量,同时叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,游离氨基酸含量下降,根系和地上部Na+含量增加、K+含量降低;而0.9%的土壤含盐量处理或在重度干旱(土壤相对含水量35%)胁迫下随土壤含盐量的增加,燕麦幼苗生物量和植株含水量降低,叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量增加,根系和地上部Na+含量进一步提高,K+含量迅速降低。表明适量的土壤含盐量可通过提高渗透调节缓解轻、中度干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,而过量的盐分加重干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害作用。     

Principle analysis and parameters optimization of rotary rice pot seedling transplanting mechanism

通过分析国内外水稻钵苗移栽机的缺点与不足,根据水稻钵苗移栽机的特征与优点,提出一种以椭圆-不完全非圆齿轮为传动机构的旋转式水稻钵苗移栽机构,使水稻移栽达到高产高效率的移栽水平。首先,在分析该移栽机构工作原理的基础上,建立了椭圆-不完全非圆齿轮机构的运动学模型。然后基于Visual Basic6.0可视化编程软件,开发了椭圆－不完全非圆齿轮行星轮系水稻钵苗移栽机构的辅助分析与优化软件。最后,通过分析各参数对移栽轨迹的影响,利用人机交互的优化方法,得到了一组较优的符合水稻钵苗移栽要求的结构参数,该研究可为旋转式水稻钵苗移栽机构的设计提供参考。     

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

高速插秧机钵体毯状苗纵向送秧装置的设计与试验

基于现有高速插秧机平台,改进设计适用于钵体毯状苗的纵向送秧装置。对钵体毯状苗的插秧特点进行分析。针对钵体毯状苗对纵向送秧装置的要求,对纵向送秧装置进行了详细的理论分析和设计。通过Solidworks建模并对装置的工作状态进行虚拟仿真。设计加工样机进行试验分析,试验结果表明,多次纵向送秧误差均在2 mm以内,且不存在累积误差,故满足设计要求。保证了机器在高速工作状况下,纵向送秧的精度和非送秧过程时秧苗的纵向位置固定。该文设计的纵向送秧装置使得钵体毯状苗在插秧机平台上的纵向送秧:精准、稳定、可靠。为钵体毯状苗实现高速机械插秧提供了可靠的设计方案和理论依据。     

Effect of Preharvest Sprays of Calcium on Cracking and ‘Schattenmorelle’ Sour Cherry Fruit Quality Harvested Mechanically

The aim of the study was to examine effect of preharvest sprays of calcium (Ca) in the form of Ca-chloride (CaCl₂), Ca-nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], or a mixture of Ca-formate, Ca-acetate, CaCl₂, and Ca(NO₃)₂ on cracking and quality of ‘Schattenmorelle’ sour cherry fruit harvested mechanically. The experiment was conducted in 2008–2009 at a commercial orchard in central Poland. Mature trees grew on a coarse-textured soil poor in organic matter, at a spacing of 4.0 × 1.5 m. The spray treatments of Ca were performed at 7-day intervals, starting 28 days before harvest, at the rates of 5.0–5.6 kg Ca ha^?1 per season. The trees sprayed with water were treated as the control. Fruit were harvested mechanically when peduncle-fruit detachment force dropped below 3 N. The results showed that preharvest Ca sprays caused no leaf damage. This measure did not affect yield, mean fruit weight, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit, and weight loss of fruit during 24 h after harvest. Fruit sprayed with Ca had improved status of this nutrient, and were less liable to juicy leakage from the stem scar, rain-induced cracking, and preharvest decay caused by Glomerella cingulata. The above effects of Ca sprays did not depend on the tested material. It was concluded that preharvest sprays of Ca as CaCl₂ and/or Ca(NO₃)₂ should be recommended in ‘Schattenmorelle’ sour cherry orchards to reduce fruit losses resulting from rain-induced cracking, leakage of juice, and the incidence of cherry bitter rot.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库动态变化特征

幼苗是植物生活史中一个不可缺失的阶段,对自然植被恢复起着非常重要的作用。为了探索黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库的动态变化特征,选择5种不同侵蚀环境(阳沟坡、阳峁坡、峁顶、阴峁坡、阴沟坡)下的15个样地,通过野外定点跟踪调查,运用单因素方差分析法对幼苗物种数、幼苗密度、物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同侵蚀环境下幼苗物种数从阴沟坡到阴峁坡、峁顶、阳峁坡、阳沟坡依次减少,且幼苗物种组成存在差异;生长季内不同月份间幼苗物种数呈现先波动性增大后降低的动态变化趋势,最大值出现在9月初。(2)不同侵蚀环境间幼苗密度差异性显著,阴峁坡最大,阳沟坡最小;不同月份间幼苗密度具有明显的先升后降的动态变化特征,最大值出现在7月初,最小值出现在4月初或11月中旬。(3)不同侵蚀环境间阴坡幼苗物种丰富多样,阳坡幼苗物种较为单一;不同月份间幼苗物种多样性指数和丰富度指数呈现出4—9月份逐渐增大至峰值,10月初和11月中旬稍有降低的趋势。     

Fertilizer location modifies root zone salinity,root morphology,and water‐stress resistance of tree seedlings according to the watering regime in a dryland reforestation

There is a direct relationship between soil nutrient concentration in localized zones and root proliferation and elongation under well‐watered conditions. However, in field studies under semiarid conditions this relationship can change due to higher salt accumulation and soil dryness that affect root growth, water stress resistance, and seedling survival. We assessed the effect of different locations of fertilizer placement in the soil profile and water availability on root zone salinity, root development and ecophysiological responses of Quillaja saponaria Mol. after outplanting. A single dose (6 g L^?1) of controlled‐release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF_N) was placed at 0 cm (top layer), 15 cm (middle layer), or 30 cm (bottom layer) depth in the containers in a greenhouse, in addition to an unfertilized treatment (control). After 6 months, seedlings were transplanted to the field and subjected to weekly watering regimes (2 L plant^?1 and unwatered). Morphological and ecophysiological parameters were periodically measured on seedlings, as well as soil electrical conductivity (EC). After 1 year, the shoot : root ratio of unwatered seedlings decreased as a function of CRF_N placement depth, which was attributed to lower shoot growth and not to greater root growth. The root morphology of the bottom layer treatment was negatively affected by high EC in unwatered seedlings. Greater total root length and root volume of the middle layer treatment was found only when well‐watered; however, this did not contribute to improve physiological responses against water stress. The lowest EC and the highest photochemical efficiency, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were shown by unfertilized seedlings, independent of water availability. Our findings suggest that varying depth of CRF_N placement does not contribute significantly to improve root growth under water restriction. Water supplements, independently of the CRF_N location in the substrate, contribute to decrease root zone salinity, and consequently, improve root volume growth.