3株放线菌对白菜根肿病的防治效果及机制研究

研究3株放线菌对白菜根肿病的防治效果,以挖掘具有良好防治效果的生防菌株。以前期分离筛选的2株优良生防放线菌株(Streptomyces pactum Act12和Sr.ochei D74)与1株分离自根肿病发病小区健株根际土中的黄白链霉菌(S.alboflavus SP12)为研究对象,利用孢子萌发、皿内发芽及盆栽试验研究不同菌株对白菜根肿病的防治效果及机制。结果表明:(1)SP12与D74接种可显著降低根肿病的发病率与病情指数,发病率分别降低50.0%和41.7%,病情指数分别降低20.3%和19.4%;SP12与D74提高白菜地下部分鲜质量36.6%和8.6%,同时地上部分鲜质量分别增加25.4%和4.9%。(2)SP12与D74显著影响白菜生长及抗性相关生理生化指标:SP12与D74使根系活力分别增加46.2%和34.4%,PPO活力分别增加49.0%和66.5%,脯氨酸含量分别增加11.2%和35.1%,丙二醛含量分别降低5.2%和7.4%;SP12处理可提高POD活性26.4%(P0.05)。(3)SP12和D74可改变白菜根际土壤微生物群落结构组成,提高放线菌的数量63.7%和15.4%。结果表明:SP12、D74对根肿病防治、植株生长、抗逆酶系统及根际微生态均有良好的促进作用。     

食蚜瘿蚊对3种蚜虫捕食作用的研究

[目的]为评价和充分利用食蚜瘿蚊的控蚜作用。[方法]将甘蓝蚜、桃蚜、蔷薇长管蚜分别设置5个密度,并用甘蓝蚜作种内干扰竞争试验,研究食蚜瘿蚊对3种蚜虫的捕食作用。[结果]食蚜瘿蚊对甘蓝蚜、桃蚜、蔷薇长管蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程。食蚜瘿蚊对甘蓝蚜、桃蚜、蔷薇长管蚜一昼夜的捕食上限分别为13、11、12头,猎物密度相同时对甘蓝蚜的寻找效应始终高于桃蚜和蔷薇长管蚜。食蚜瘿蚊幼虫有较强的种内干扰反应,平均捕食量随自身密度的增大逐渐减少。[结论]食蚜瘿蚊的捕食数量随蚜虫密度的增加而增加,寻找效应随蚜虫密度的增大而降低。食蚜瘿蚊对甘蓝蚜的捕食量最高,捕食率随自身密度的增大而降低。     

核桃楸树皮乙醇提取物的杀虫活性

采用常规提取法浸提桃楸树皮的杀虫活性成分。研究结果表明,用质量分数95％乙醇浸提核桃楸树皮,其提取物对舞毒蛾及甘蓝夜蛾幼虫均有较强的胃毒作用和触杀作用。对舞毒蛾的触杀作用强于胃毒作用,对甘蓝夜蛾的触杀作用和胃毒作用无显著差异。施药时间≥4 d、药液浓度≥10 g／L时,对舞毒蛾、甘蓝夜蛾的触杀作用及胃毒作用的平均校正死亡率均超过50％。同时,对舞毒蛾和甘蓝夜蛾的触杀作用及胃毒作用分别进行了校正死亡率-施药浓度毒力分析和死亡率-施药时间毒力分析。     

两株根肿病生防放线菌的鉴定及其防病效果

 ：【目的】鉴定从白菜根际土壤及红豆树根部分离得到的抑制根肿病菌休眠孢子萌发的生防菌株A316和A10,并探明其防病潜能,对根肿病进行有效的生物防治。【方法】根据菌株A316和A10的形态与培养特征、生理生化特性、16S rDNA序列对其进行鉴定;评价菌株A316和A10在室内盆栽及大田小区试验中对白菜根肿病的防治效果。【结果】菌株A316与链霉菌中的灰红链霉菌（Streptomyces griseoruber） NBRC 12873亲缘关系最近,同源性达99.9%,且形态与培养特征、生理生化特性与灰红链霉菌相符。菌株A10与GenBank数据库中多个相似性序列的亲缘关系都较近,鉴于其形态与培养特征、生理生化特性,只能归于链霉菌中的灰褐类群。菌株A316、A10对白菜根肿病的室内盆栽防效分别为72.8%、67.2%,而大田小区试验中防效依次达68.5%、56.7%,且可分别使白菜单位面积产量增加96.1%、64.9%。【结论】菌株A316鉴定为灰红链霉菌;菌株A10归于链霉菌中的灰褐类群（S. sp.）。菌株A316和A10对芸苔根肿菌显示出极好的生防潜能,A316的防效好于A10。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌单孢分离菌株和诱变菌株对甘蓝蚜的室内毒力测定

用蜡蚧轮枝菌KM9803菌株及其单孢分离菌株KM9803A、KM9803F、KM9803G,其紫外线诱变菌株Z2和化学诱变菌株H2对甘蓝蚜进行室内毒力测定,并将6菌株的毒力进行比较。结果表明,KM9803F菌株最强,其LC50值在第4(103),5(101)天都明显小于其他菌株(均在105以上);第6,7天的KM9803F的LC50值仍小于其他菌株,只不过差距缩小;在同一数量级(105,106)下对各菌株的LT50进行比较,都以KM9803F的致死中时间最短,为3~4 d,其余菌株均在4 d以上。     

芸薹根肿菌SSR标记的开发及遗传多样性研究

芸薹根肿菌（Plasmodiophora brassicae）专性寄生于十字花科作物根部引起根肿病,且变异迅速。本研究利用Williams鉴别寄主系统鉴定出32株根肿菌,根据根肿菌基因组序列分析了根肿菌基因组中的简单重复序列（Simple sequence repeats,SSR）的分布特性,并结合SSR标记的开发研究了根肿菌遗传多样性。主要结果如下：从收集自8个省市31个地区的32株根肿菌中,鉴定出2、4、7和11号生理小种;根肿菌基因组存在3 164个SSR,即每7.6 kb存在1个SSR。核苷酸重复类型以2和3为主,分布频率分别为45.92％和53.04％。从62对SSR引物中,筛选出31个多态性标记,多态率50％,平均PIC值为0.407;聚类分析表明,同一地区的根肿菌大多聚类到一起,但同时存在变异。     

甘蓝蚜取食对结球甘蓝生长和产量的影响

在温室条件下研究了甘蓝蚜取食对结球甘蓝生长及叶球产量的影响。当甘蓝在莲座后期至结球初期被大量吸食后,绝大部分外叶卷曲变形,到结球中期外叶加外茎的重量及叶面积显著下降,但叶球的鲜重、干重及大小均未受到影响。蚜虫大量取食使甘蓝的叶球占全株的相对比重显著增加,同时也使叶球含水量略有上升。     

Examination of resistance to clubroot in accessions of Brassica oleracea using a glasshouse seedling test

A glasshouse test was elaborated for assessing large numbers of seedlings ofBrassica oleracea for resistance to clubroot, a disease caused by the fungusPlasmodiophora brassicae. The method offers good control of inoculum density per plant, and requires 6–7 weeks from sowing. The results from the glasshouse test correlated well with field test results. With this method, 71 accessions ofB. oleracea reported to carry resistance to clubroot, and one susceptible control cultivar were tested with a Dutch clubroot isolate. High levels of resistance were found in several accessions of cabbage, broccoli and curly kale. F₁-populations of resistant cabbage or curly kale × susceptible cabbage were fully susceptible, indicating recessive inheritance of resistance in all cases.     

浸虫法测定5种农药对甘蓝蚜的室内毒力

通过采用浸虫法,对甘蓝蚜室内毒力测定结果表明,阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、苏云菌.薄荷10%乳油和苏云菌.薄荷3%乳油,处理24h后LD50分别为0.962 1、2.103 6、9.442 1、996.397和2 283.659 2;处理48h后LD50分别为0.005 1、0.018 3、0.274 9、86.465 1和91.725 6;处理72h后LD50分别0.000 3、0.001 3、0.024 6、0.741 0和24.804 4。     

Colonization by two isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae with differing pathogenicity on a clubroot-resistant cultivar of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis)

A commercial clubroot-resistant F₁ cultivar of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis), Kukai 70, is resistant to an isolate of populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae from Hagi (HG) city and is susceptible to another from Yamaguchi (YMG) city. The degree and frequency of primary and secondary cycle colonization by the isolates in the root hairs and root tissues of cv. Kukai 70 were compared. Seedlings of cv. Kukai 70 were grown in soils amended with inoculum of either HG or YMG and harvested 10 days after inoculation to observe the primary cycle (number of root-hair infections) and 20, 30, and 40 days after inoculation to observe of the secondary cycle (frequency of infected cells and degree of plasmodial development based on the number of nuclei in infected cells). Although more root hairs were infected in HG than in YMG, fewer cells in root tissues including the cortex and medullary rays were infected in HG than in YMG. In addition, YMG developed plasmodia with many nuclei and formed resting spores, whereas plasmodia remained immature with a small number of nuclei in HG and did not form resting spores even by 40 days after inoculation. These results suggest that suppression of plasmodial development during secondary colonization is associated with resistance mechanisms to HG in cv. Kukai 70. Starch did not accumulate (i.e., development of amyloplasts) in HG-infected cells. This may be involved in the suppression of secondary colonization of P. brassicae in the cultivar.