龟纹瓢虫选择取食行为的研究

通过室内实验初次研究了龟纹瓢虫取食5种蚜虫行为及其食蚜量;比较了取食5种蚜虫对幼虫生长发育及成虫生殖产卵的影响。结果表明:龟纹瓢虫成虫和幼虫对同种蚜虫的嗜食程度基本相同。初龄幼虫无选择适宜猎物蚜虫的能力。幼虫随龄期的增大,选择能力渐趋明显,以成虫和大龄幼虫选择力更强。该种瓢虫明显选择取食棉蚜、桃蚜和白杨毛蚜,洋槐蚜为不甚适宜的猎物,而甘蓝蚜最不适宜。因此认为,龟纹瓢虫具有一定程度的食物专化性,可作为棉蚜和桃蚜的有效天敌,应充分加以保护与利用。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌与农药混配防治甘蓝蚜的研究

利用蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株不同浓度的孢子液,与吡虫啉、灭多威、阿维菌素、乐斯本4种不同浓度的化学农药混配对甘蓝蚜防治效果的试验研究,结果表明,蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株孢子液在4 900～4.9亿个/ml浓度对甘蓝蚜具有一定的防治效果,随着浓度增加而防效提高,0.49亿个/ml和4.9亿个/ml浓度时效果最好,死亡率达64.69%.在分生孢子液为0.49亿个/ml与4种不同浓度的化学农药混用增效比较中,吡虫啉最高增效9%,与灭多威等混用则表现出拮抗作用.因此从生物防治和IPM等方面来看, 蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株具有重要的研究价值和开发前景.     

Growth and movement of secondary plasmodia of Plasmodiophora brassicae in turnip suspension-culture cells

Growth of secondary plasmodia of the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae was studied in dual culture of P. brassicae and turnip suspension cells. Suspension culture of P. brassicae -infected turnip cells was achieved by using P. brassicae -infected callus in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0·1 mg 2,4-D L⁻¹ and 0·02 mg kinetin L⁻¹. The shape of secondary plasmodia in suspension cells was spherical-to-subspherical. A few young plasmodia divided and became numerous spherical, small plasmodia which eventually formed a plasmodial cluster. The plasmodia fused and became vegetative plasmodia. Infected cells were significantly larger than noninfected cells. Secondary plasmodia moved within transformed turnip suspension host cells by cytoplasmic streaming of the host cells. Secondary plasmodia divided in synchrony with the transformed turnip cells.     

Plasmodiophora brassicae: aspects of pathogenesis and resistance inBrassica oleracea

Summary Clubroot is one of the most damaging diseases inBrassica oleracea crops world-wide. The pathogenicity ofPlasmodiophora brassicae is highly variable between as well as within field populations. Several sources of resistance to clubroot have been identified inB. oleracea. Generally, resistance tends to inherit partly as a recessive, partly as an additive trait, and appears to be controlled by few major genes. Progress in the understanding of the inheritance of resistance is being made through the use of single-spore isolates of the pathogen, and the use of molecular markers for resistance genes.Abbreviations cv cultivar - DH doubled haploid - ECD European Clubroot Differential set - RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism     

芸苔链格孢产孢基物与光照条件的选择

在小麦、燕麦、玉米、高粱四种谷物培养基上进行芸苔链格孢[Alternariabrassicae(Berk.)Sacc]孢子产生的试验表明,小麦粒及玉米粒培养基是很好的产孢基物.在16天的产孢过程中,每克基物可分别得到166.75、156.65万个孢子.获得孢子期分别为达8及14天,共可诱发出4至7次.按产孢量来看,小麦粒培养基最大,但不及在玉米粒培养基产孢期长而稳定.玉米粒培养基是更合适的芸苔链格孢产孢培养基.用紫外线光灯及日光灯对培养9天的小麦粒产孢基物照射1小时以上即可明显地提高其产孢量.紫外光灯下照射2小时,日光灯下照射2～12小时产孢能力最强.用日光灯照射其产孢总量要高于紫外光灯照射.本项研究为进行白菜种质材料抗芸苔链格孢筛选提供了诱发孢子的可靠方法.     

RAPD markers linked to a clubroot-resistance locus in Brassica rapa L.

Linkage of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers with resistance genes to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) in Brassica rapa L. was studied in a doubled haploid (DH population obtained by microspore culture. Thirty-six DH lines were obtained from F₁ plants from a cross between susceptible ‘Homei P09’ and resistant ‘Siloga S2’ plants. ‘Homei P09’ was a DH line obtained by microspore culture of the Chinese cabbage variety ‘Homei’, which is highly responsive in microspore culture. The resistant line ‘Siloga S2’ was obtained by two rounds of selfing of the fodder turnip ‘Siloga’. Three RAPD markers, RA12-75A, WE22B and WE49B, were found to be linked to a clubroot-resistance locus. These three markers were linked in the DH lines and an F₂ population and should be useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Disease response of resynthesized Brassica napus L. lines carrying different combinations of resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.

Resistance responses of resynthesized Brassica napus lines to infection with Plasmodiophora brassicae were investigated. Lines that were derived from interspecific crosses between clubroot-resistant B. rapa and resistant B. oleracea exhibited very broad and effective resistance in both greenhouse and field tests. When clubroot resistance was introduced into resynthesized lines from the B. oleracea parent only, the plants were mainly susceptible. Interspecific hybrids from the most resistant parental genotypes, i.e. B. campestris ECD-04 and the B. oleracea cultivars ECD-15 or ‘Bohmerwaldkohf’, were used to initiate a B. napus resistance-breeding programme. These artificial rapeseed lines were resistant to isolates that were virulent on all B. napus differential lines and/or parental lines. Preliminary segregation analysis suggests that their resistance is due to at least two dominant and unlinked genes. In some cases progenies from selfed resynthesized plants exhibited resistance reactions that differed from those of the parental hybrid plant; this may have been the result of cytological instability.     

Association of RFLP markers with trait loci affecting clubroot resistance and morphological characters in Brassica oleracea L.

Summary Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. race 7, the causal agent of the disease clubroot, was examined in an F₂ population of a cross between a clubroot resistant broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and a susceptible cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis). A genetic linkage map was constructed in the same population based on the segregation of 58 dispersed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Associations between the inheritance of RFLP marker genotypes and segregation for disease resistance, morphological and maturity characteristics were examined. For each triat examined, several chromosomal regions marked by RFLP probes appeared to contain trait loci, suggesting that each trait was under polygenic control. RFLP marker linkage to a major factor imparting dominance for clubroot resistance from the broccoli parent was observed in this population. Additionally, RFLP marker linkage to an independently segregating factor contributing clubroot resistance from the cauliflower parent was observed, indicating that it should be possible to use RFLP markers to facilitate selection of transgressive segregants having the combined resistance from both parental sources. In some instances, RFLP markers from the same or closely linked chromosomal regions were associated with both clubroot resistance and morphological traits. Analysis of RFLP marker genotypes at linked loci should facilitate the selection of desired disease resistant morphotypes.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Evaluation of French Brassica oleracea landraces for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae

A total of 240 kale, 38 cabbage and 126 winter cauliflower French landraces from the B. oleracea genepool of INRA were assessed for resistance to clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicaeWoron. Two French isolates of the pathogen (K and SJ) were used in the experiments under controlled conditions. The reaction of the 126 cauliflower accessions to naturally occurring clubroot was also evaluated in field trials. Kales exhibited considerable variation for expression of disease resistance and high levels of resistance were found in several accessions. In this group, single resistant plants were observed in most of the morphological types and from quite different geographical origins. Cabbage accessions were moderately to highly susceptible to both isolates. All cauliflower populations proved to be highly susceptible to K isolate and moderately susceptible to SJ isolate. In field trials, cauliflowers were also severely infected. Two lines selected from a resistant kale population were highly resistant against a large range of pathotypes of the pathogen. These lines presented a sufficient level of resistance to be directly useful in the breeding program in order to develop cauliflower and broccoli hybrids resistant to clubroot. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.