Identificaiton of a clubroot resistance locus conferring resistance to a Plasmodiophora brassicae classified into pathotype group 3 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)

In Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), the clubroot resistance (CR) genes Crr1 and Crr2 are effective against the mild Plasmodiophora brassicae isolate Ano-01 and the more virulent isolate Wakayama-01, but not against isolate No. 14, classified into pathotype group 3. ‘Akiriso’, a clubroot-resistant F₁ cultivar, showed resistance to isolate No. 14. To increase the durability of resistance, we attempted to identify the CR locus in ‘Akiriso’. CR in ‘Akiriso’ segregated as a single dominant gene and was linked to several molecular markers that were also linked to CRb, a CR locus from cultivar ‘CR Shinki’. We developed additional markers around CRb and constructed partial genetic maps of this region in ‘Akiriso’ and ‘CR Shinki’. The positions and order of markers in the genetic maps of the two cultivars were very similar. The segregation ratios for resistance to isolate No. 14 in F₂ populations derived from each of the two cultivars were also very similar. These results suggest that the CR locus in ‘Akiriso’ is CRb or a tightly linked locus. The newly developed markers in this study were more closely linked to CRb than previously reported markers and will be useful for marker-assisted selection of CRb in Chinese cabbage breeding.     

东北龙胆不同提取液对菜蚜的生物活性研究

应用均匀设计法研究了东北龙胆全草的不同提取液对菜蚜的触杀和拒食作用。研究结果表明,乙醇浸提液对菜蚜具有较高的触杀作用,对菜蚜48h的致死中浓度(LC50)为8.4133mg/mL,触杀致死率为95.8%。水蒸气蒸馏液对菜蚜具有较强的拒食作用。对菜蚜24,48h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为9.2154,8.7136mg/mL,48h的拒食率为93.8%。丙酮浸提液对菜蚜的触杀和拒食作用不明显。     

中间寄主对甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂寄生行为的影响

麦蛾卵和米蛾卵作繁蜂寄主对甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F两个品系的寄生行为是有影响的。尽管两种卵均可作为甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂繁蜂寄主 ,但用米蛾卵繁殖甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂比用麦蛾卵繁蜂更好。甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F品系在米蛾卵上的总寄生卵量分别为 75.90粒和 67.00粒 ,明显高于在麦蛾卵上的总寄生卵量。用麦蛾卵和米蛾卵作繁蜂寄主 ,将甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F品系各 20头进行5d的逐日寄生试验 ,结果表明 :每日平均的寄生卵量、子代羽化率、子代发育历期以及子代性比均随寄生日期的推延而降低。     

芸薹链格孢菌菌系致病力分化的研究

用４个不同抗性的大白菜做为鉴别寄主，对从全国采集的５３个芸薹链格孢菌菌株进行了致病力分化的研究。结果表明：这５３个菌系由弱至强可划分为ＡＢ１、ＡＢ２、ＡＢ３、ＡＢ４、ＡＢ５五个不同的致病类型。虽然从采集的地域或原寄主角度看，尚未表现出某些规律，但得到了其在供试材料上出现的频率。由于ＡＢ４具有较强的致病力，而在这次鉴定中出现的频率最高，因此推荐为全国进行抗原筛选用的接种菌     

Transfer of resistance to race 2 of Plasmodiophora Brassicae from Brassica napus to cabbage (B. oleracea var. Capitata). I. Interspecific hybridization between B. napus and B. oleracea var. Capitata

Summary Interspecific hybridization between Brassica napus L. (2n=38, a₁a₁c₁c₁) and B. oleracea var. capitata L. (2x- and 4x-cabbage; 2n=2x=18, cc and 2n=4x=36, cccc) was carried out for the purpose of transferring clubroot disease resistance from the amphidiploid species to cabbage. Nineteen hybrids with three different chromosome levels (2n=28, a₁c₁c; 2n=37, a₁c₁cc and 2n=55, a₁c₁cccc) were obtained. The F₁ plants were mostly intermediate between the two parents but as the number of c genomes in the hybrids increased, the more closely the hybrids resembled the cabbage parent. All F₁ hybrids were resistant when tested against race 2 of Plasmodiophora brassicae wor. The complete dominance of resistance over susceptibility suggested that the gene(s) controlling resistance to this particular race of the clubroot pathogen is probably located on a chromosome of the a genome in Brassica.Contribution No. J654.     

Influence of cultivar resistance and inoculum density on root hair infection of canola (Brassica napus) by Plasmodiophora brassicae

The impact of cultivar resistance and inoculum density on the incidence of primary infection of canola root hairs by Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot, was assessed by microscopy. The incidence of root hair infection in both a resistant and a susceptible cultivar increased with increasing inoculum density, but was two‐ to threefold higher in the susceptible cultivar; the relationship between root hair infection and inoculum density was also substantially stronger and more consistent in the susceptible cultivar. In the susceptible cultivar, the root hair infection rate peaked between 6 and 8 days after sowing and then declined. In the resistant cultivar, it increased over the 14‐day duration of each study. It appears that examination of root hair infection by microscopy in a bait crop of susceptible canola could serve as a useful tool for estimating P. brassicae inoculum levels in soil. In a separate trial, the relationship between inoculum density and clubroot severity, plant growth parameters, and seed yield was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Inoculum density in the susceptible genotype was strongly and positively correlated with clubroot severity and negatively correlated with plant height and seed yield. In addition, a single cropping cycle of the susceptible cultivar contributed significantly higher levels of resting spores to the soil in a greenhouse test than did a cycle of the resistant cultivar, as assessed by quantitative PCR and microscope analysis.     

两种杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜的毒力测定及室内药效试验

 在室内用氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏分别对甘蓝蚜［Brevicoryne brassicae(Linnaeus)］进行了毒力测定及防治试验。结果表明:氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏乳油对甘蓝蚜的ＬC₅₀分别为4.113 7,116.486 1 μg/mL,10%氯氰菊酯和80%敌敌畏乳油分别稀释成1 500～3 000倍液和1 500倍液对甘蓝蚜的室内防治效果较好,其药后第1～5 d的防效分别为75.3%～87.4%和76.7%～86.6%.     

Plasmodiophora brassicae resting spore dynamics in clubroot resistant canola (Brassica napus) cropping systems

The soilborne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, causal agent of clubroot of canola (Brassica napus), is difficult to manage due to the longevity of its resting spores, ability to produce large amounts of inoculum, and the lack of effective fungicides. The cropping of clubroot resistant (CR) canola cultivars is one of the few effective strategies for clubroot management. This study evaluated the impact of the cultivation of CR canola on P. brassicae resting spore concentrations in commercial cropping systems in Alberta, Canada. Soil was sampled pre-seeding and post-harvest at multiple georeferenced locations within 17 P. brassicae-infested fields over periods of up to 4 years in length. Resting spore concentrations were measured by quantitative PCR analysis, with a subset of samples also evaluated in greenhouse bioassays with a susceptible host. The cultivation of CR canola in soil with quantifiable levels of P. brassicae DNA resulted in increased inoculum loads. There was a notable lag in the release of inoculum after harvest, and quantifiable P. brassicae inoculum peaked in the year following cultivation of CR canola. Rotations that included a ≥2-year break from P. brassicae hosts resulted in significant declines in soil resting spore concentrations. A strong positive relationship was found between the bioassays and qPCR-based estimates of soil infestation. Results suggest that CR canola should not be used to reduce soil inoculum loads, and crop rotations in P. brassicae infested fields should include breaks of at least 2 years away from B. napus, otherwise the risk of selecting for virulent pathotypes may increase.     

晋中地区甘蓝蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性变化及药剂混配的增效作用

为了了解甘蓝蚜对药剂的敏感性变化及药剂混配的增效作用,采用FAO推荐的微量点滴法,测定了山西省晋中地区田间甘蓝蚜种群对药剂的敏感性、相对敏感基线,及不同类型杀虫剂混配的增效作用。结果表明:甘蓝蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性降低,对啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和齐螨素抗药性为原来的11.10倍、14.34倍和16.13倍,对氰戊菊酯、辛硫磷和吡虫啉的抗药性为原来的83.33倍、101.50倍和143.38倍,对灭多威的抗药性为原来的161.75倍;混配增效试验结果表明,辛硫磷和灭多威以有效成分1∶0.5,高效氯氰菊酯和齐螨素以1∶3、1∶6和1∶9混配后都具有明显的增效作用。     

Comparison of techniques for estimation of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil

Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is an important disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other brassica crops. Accurate estimation of inoculum load in soil is important for evaluating producer risk in planting a susceptible crop, but also for evaluation of management practices such as crop rotation. This study compared five molecular techniques for estimating P. brassicae resting spores in soil: quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), competitive positive internal control PCR (CPIC-PCR), propidium monoazide PCR (PMA-PCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP). For ddPCR and LAMP, calibrations were developed using spiked soil samples. The comparison was carried out using soil samples collected from a long-term rotation study at Normandin, Québec, with replicated plots representing 0-, 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-year breaks following susceptible canola infested with clubroot. CPIC-PCR and ddPCR provided repeatable estimates of resting spore numbers in soil compared with estimates from qPCR or LAMP alone. CPIC-PCR provided the most robust measurement of spore concentration, especially in the 2 years following a crop of susceptible canola, because it corrected for effects of PCR inhibitors. PMA-PCR demonstrated that a large proportion of the DNA of P. brassicae detected in soil after the susceptible canola crop was derived from spores that were immature or otherwise not viable. Each assay provided a similar pattern of spore concentration in soil, which supported the conclusion of a previous study at this site that resting spore numbers declined rapidly in the first 2 years after a susceptible crop, but much more slowly subsequently.