7对猪源性成分检测相关引物的特异性评测

为了评测物种鉴定PCR体系的特异性及其影响因素,实验对猪源性成分鉴定相关的7对引物就退火温度、镁离子浓度和不同Taq酶的影响进行了研究。结果表明,退火温度和镁离子浓度对PCR特异性有着重要影响,而其中2对引物优化后仍与鼠、兔、牛、羊、鸡和鸭有非特异性扩增。不同的Taq酶对引物特异性也有重要影响,本实验中r Taq酶在7对引物PCR体系中特异性最佳。通过对引物体系的优化和选择不同的Taq酶,可以有效提高特异性,减少非特异性扩增,为建立物种鉴定的PCR体系及多重PCR提供了基础。     

长期施用沼肥对设施菜田土壤养分和盐分累积量的影响

为研究规模养猪场沼液沼渣在农田施用对土壤养分及盐分含量累积的影响,以安康市某养猪场农业园区施用沼液设施菜田土壤为研究对象,以当地常规施用化肥设施菜田为对照,定点采集施用沼肥区和对照区0 a、1 a、3 a、5 a和7 a的设施菜地土壤,分别测定土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、全铜、全锌质量分数及电导率和pH。结果表明,随着沼液沼渣施用年限的增加,土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、全铜、全锌质量分数和电导率均相应增加,7 a后分别达96.1 mg/kg、91.5 mg/kg、73.7 mg/kg、11.9 g/kg、118.5 mg/kg、263.4 mg/kg和0.366 mS/cm,分别是未施用沼液沼渣土壤中各成分含量的3.4倍、1.5倍、3.3倍、1.3倍、3.9倍、1.88倍和4.74倍,说明施用沼液沼渣能有效增加土壤养分含量,同时土壤养分和盐分快速累积,对土壤环境带来较大的污染风险。     

亚慢性镉暴露对五指山猪肝脏生化指标的影响

【目的】研究亚慢性镉（Cd）暴露对五指山猪（Wuzhishan Pig, WZSP）肝脏生化指标的影响,寻找亚慢性镉暴露致肝脏损伤的敏感性生化指标,为镉肝脏毒性的监测及预防提供科学依据。【方法】将3月龄健康WZSP 20头随机分为5组,分别饲喂添加镉0.0 mg•kg-1(Ⅰ组)、0.5 mg•kg-1（Ⅱ组）、2.0 mg•kg-1（Ⅲ组）、8.0 mg•kg-1（Ⅳ组）及32.0 mg•kg-1（Ⅴ组）的全价饲料,持续喂养100 d。试验期,每20 d测1次饲料镉含量,血清天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和γ-谷氨酰胺基转移酶（γ-GGT）活性;试验结束后测定血液和肝脏中镉的含量。【结果】随着镉暴露剂量的增加,与Ⅰ组相比,各剂量组肝脏镉含量(L-Cd)显著升高（P＜0.05）,Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组血液镉含量(B-Cd)显著升高（P＜0.05）;与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在镉暴露80 d后ALT活性显著升高（P＜0.05）,Ⅳ组在镉暴露60 d后显著升高（P＜0.05）,Ⅴ组在镉暴露20 d后显著升高（P＜0.05）;与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在镉暴露20 d后AST活性显著升高（P＜0.05）,40 d后差异不显著（P＞0.05）,Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组在镉暴露100 d后显著升高（P＜0.05）;与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组在镉暴露100 d后GGT活性显著升高（P＜0.05）;相关分析结果显示,镉暴露量、B-Cd和L-Cd三者间极显著相关（P＜0.01）,ALT活性与镉暴露量和L-Cd显著相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】高于0.5 mg•kg-1的亚慢性镉暴露可造成肝脏损伤,导致ALT、AST、GGT活性升高。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌益生素对猪生产性能及血清学指标的影响

[目的]为今后鼠李糖乳杆菌益生素的开发应用奠定基础.[方法]对照组猪饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别饲喂添加2和4ml/头鼠李糖乳杆菌益生素(RLB)的基础日粮,研究鼠李糖乳杆菌益生素对猪生产性能及部分血清学指标的影响.[结果]试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组妊娠母猪的死产、畸形、木乃伊和弱仔猪的总数量比对照组减少36.36％和54.55％,且平均初生重提高5.38％和10.00％;试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组断奶仔猪的平均重量比对照组提高1.31％和2.96％;与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组断奶仔猪的平均日增重分别提高5.03％和8.06％,料重比分别降低4.07％和5.81％,断奶仔猪的腹泻率分别降低74.90％和100.00％;试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组小猪的平均日增重较对照组分别提高1.60％和6.79％,料重比分别降低2.05％和5.13％.[结论]RLB可使断奶仔猪血清葡萄糖、IgA、白蛋白和总蛋白含量升高,血清胆固醇和IgG含量降低;RLB可以提高妊娠母猪、哺乳母猪、断奶仔猪和小猪的生产性能.     

Biology of leptin in the pig

The recently discovered protein, leptin, which is secreted by fat cells in response to changes in body weight or energy, has been implicated in regulation of feed intake, energy expenditure and the neuroendocrine axis in rodents and humans. Leptin was first identified as the gene product found deficient in the obese ob/ob mouse. Administration of leptin to ob/ob mice led to improved reproduction as well as reduced feed intake and weight loss. The porcine leptin receptor has been cloned and is a member of the class 1 cytokine family of receptors. Leptin has been implicated in the regulation of immune function and the anorexia associated with disease. The leptin receptor is localized in the brain and pituitary of the pig. The leptin response to acute inflammation is uncoupled from anorexia and is differentially regulated among swine genotypes. In vitro studies demonstrated that the leptin gene is expressed by porcine preadipocytes and leptin gene expression is highly dependent on dexamethasone induced preadipocyte differentiation. Hormonally driven preadipocyte recruitment and subsequent fat cell size may regulate leptin gene expression in the pig. Expression of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) mediates insulin dependent preadipocyte leptin gene expression during lipid accretion. In contrast, insulin independent leptin gene expression may be maintained by C/EBP auto-activation and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Adipogenic hormones may increase adipose tissue leptin gene expression in the fetus indirectly by inducing preadipocyte recruitment and subsequent differentiation. Central administration of leptin to pigs suppressed feed intake and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion. Serum leptin concentrations increased with age and estradiol-induced leptin mRNA expression in fat was age and weight dependent in prepuberal gilts. This occurred at the time of expected puberty in intact contemporaries and was associated with greater LH secretion. Further work demonstrated that leptin acts directly on pituitary cells to enhance LH and GH secretion, and brain tissue to stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion. Thus, development of nutritional schemes and (or) gene therapy to manipulate leptin secretion will lead to practical methods of controlling appetite, growth and reproduction in farm animals, thereby increasing efficiency of lean meat production.     

日粮类型对猪肉营养和品质的影响

在日粮粗蛋白、能量、钙、磷水平相近的情况下，蛋白饲料种类及微量元素Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ添加水平不同，所饲喂猪只肉质与肉食营养不相一致。根据本试验结果，“豆饼＋鱼粉”型日粮在高剂量Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ的协同作用下有利于促进肌肉的生长和饲料氨基酸向肌肉氨基酸的转化，而“棉籽饼＋菜籽饼”型日粮可期望获得较好的肉质。肌肉Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ沉积受饲料影响不明显。     

Testing genetic determinism in rate of hoof growth in pigs using Bayes Factors

Excessive growth and consequent deformity of hooves is a frequent disorder in some purebred pig populations. A test to detect possible genetic determinism related with this phenomenon was performed using the Bayes Factor (BF). Data were available for females from three purebred selection lines: Landrace (561 records), Pietrain (183) and Large White (225). Animals were scored in four categories, according to the overall growth rate of their hooves. A Bayesian analysis was performed separately for each line using a threshold model with a probit approach, and Bayes Factors between models with and without additive genetic effects were computed. Results from the three lines showed that models exhibiting genetic variability were much more probable than those that did not include a genetic component, with BF values of 312, 35 and 40 (and posterior probabilities of 0.99, 0.97 and 0.98), respectively, for the Landrace, Pietrain and Large White lines. Monte Carlo estimates of posterior means of heritabilities were medium to high (0.25, 0.41 and 0.38, respectively), and the highest posterior density region for heritability at 99% did not include zero in any of the three lines. These results allow us to conclude that genetic determinism has an important influence upon the rate of hoof growth in the pig. A potential genetic response can be achieved in the populations analysed, but further studies are needed to determine the genetic architecture of hoof growth disorders in pigs.     

Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter

Five successive batches of fattening pigs were raised, each during a four month period, on a totally concrete slatted floor in one experimental room and on straw based deep litter in another. The rooms were automatically ventilated to maintain a constant ambient temperature. Available floor space was of 0.75 m² per pig kept on the slatted floor and 1.20 m² per pig kept on the deep litter. With this last system, about 46 kg of straw were supplied per pig throughout a fattening period. The slurry pit was emptied and the litter removed after each batch. Once a month, the emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapour (H₂O) were measured continuously for 6 consecutive days by infra-red photoacoustic detection.The performance of the animals was not significantly different according to the floor type.Gaseous emissions from pigs raised on the slatted floor and on the deep litter were, respectively, 6.2 and 13.1 g per pig per day for NH₃, 0.54 and 1.11 g per pig per day for N₂O, 16.3 and 16.0 g per pig per day for CH₄, 1.74 and 1.97 kg per pig per day for CO₂ and 2.48 and 3.70 kg per pig per day for H₂O. Except for the CH₄ emissions, all the differences were significant (P < 0.001). Thus, pig fattening on deep litter releases nearly 20% more greenhouse gases than on slatted floor, with 2.64 and 2.24 kg of CO₂-equivalents, respectively (P < 0.001). Whatever the floor type, emissions increased from the beginning to the end of the fattening periods by about 5 times for NH₃, 4 times for N₂O, 3 times for CH₄ and 2 times for CO₂ and H₂O. Correlation coefficients between CO₂-emissions and H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄ emissions were, on average for both floor types, 0.82, 0.77 and 0.74, respectively.Although rearing pigs on straw generally has a good brand image for the consumer, this rearing system produces more pollutant gases than keeping pigs on slatted floors.     

Transport of nutrients and electrolytes across the intestinal wall in pigs

In recent years, intestinal transport processes have been studied in detail regarding both, functional and structural aspects. For monosaccharides different systems have been demonstrated for apical uptake: this includes the high-affinity SGLT1 as a distinct d-glucose system and GLUT5 for fructose. Specifically in pigs a low affinity, high-capacity system for d-glucose and d-mannose with no preference for Na⁺ over K⁺ and a very low affinity system are suggested as further uptake systems. As in other species, basolateral extrusion is mediated by GLUT2. The distributions of monosaccharide transport along the gastrointestinal axis as well as the potential role of paracellular monosaccharide absorption have not yet been clarified.

Amino acids can principally be absorbed by the paracellular and transcellular pathway whereas transcellular transport can either be mediated by facilitated diffusion or secondary active Na⁺-coupled transport. This includes different transport systems for neutral, anionic and cationic acids. In addition, the presence of the di-/tripeptides transport system PEPT1 which depends on an inwardly directed H⁺-gradient has also been confirmed for the pig small intestine, its quantitative proportion is still under debate.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the major end products of microbial carbohydrate fermentation which occurs along the gastrointestinal tract with the highest production rates in the large intestines. At least two uptake mechanisms have to be assumed, i.e., non-ionic diffusion and anionic exchange via SCFA⁻/HCO₃⁻-exchange. Controversial views still exist to what extent SCFA are metabolized within the epithelial tissue.

Segmental differences between small and large intestines have been demonstrated for Na⁺ absorption. Whereas in the small intestines the major part of Na⁺ absorption is mediated by coupled nutrient transport systems, aldosterone sensitive Na⁺ channels and Na⁺/H⁺-exchange are the dominant mechanisms in the hindgut. For Cl⁻ paracellular transport and anionic Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻-exchange are the major absorptive mechanisms. Cl⁻ secretion is mediated by apical channels which may be activated by toxins of different origin. Different types of Cl⁻ channels have been identified, such as Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR), Ca-activated Cl⁻ channels (CLCA) and Outwardly Rectifying Cl⁻ Channels (ORCC). Whereas CFTR has clearly been shown for jejunal and colonic epithelial and goblet cells controversy still exists on the relevance of CLCA and ORCC in pigs.

For Ca²⁺ there is evidence that both recently published channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 are also expressed in pig intestinal tissues, however, this has not yet been shown on protein level. From several functional approaches it was demonstrated that phosphate uptake can be mediated by both, a Na⁺-dependent transcellular component and paracellularly. On a molecular basis it is uncertain whether the transport protein of transcellular mechanism belongs to the NaPi-IIb cotransporter family.     

Gastrointestinal and body growth in colostrum-deprived piglets in response to whey, casein or soy protein diets

Cow's milk stimulates growth in neonates and supplementation with specific milk proteins may benefit immuno-compromized neonates exhibiting poor growth. We investigated the effects of specific milk proteins (casein and whey) and plant protein (hydrolysed soy) on body and organ growth and bone mineralization in colostrum-deprived newborn pigs. Six days after birth, both casein and whey increased body and small intestinal weight relative to soy protein. Villus morphology and epithelial permeability were similar among groups. Casein significantly increased bone mineralization, while whey stimulated soft tissue growth (internal organs, muscle and fat). The differential effects of casein and whey proteins in the early postnatal period show that specific milk proteins rapidly affect whole body and gut development, even in a state of impaired growth induced by artificial feeding of colostrum-deprived pigs.