凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织cDNA全长文库的构建

【目的】为了在短期内获得大量凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织的功能基因表达信息,为深入了解功能基因在凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织中的表达提供分子生物学依据。【方法】通过构建凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织的全长cDNA文库,并进行EST测序分析。【结果】文库质量分析表明,初始文库库容约8．50×10^6 CFU,重组率在95％左右,插入片断大小为0．5～4．0kb,多数在1．0kb以上。随机测序72条cDNA,可得到有功能注释的37条全长cDNA和18条编码未知蛋白的基因序列。通过Gene Ontology功能分类可将有功能注释的37个基因分为蛋白质合成、细胞骨架、细胞信号传导、代谢、转运、能量、转录、抗病及防御、生殖发育和未知功能基因等10类,其中蛋白质合成类基因最多（27．03％）,与细胞骨架（13．51％）、细胞信号传导（13．51％）及代谢类基因（13．51％）共占67．56％。【结论】构建凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织的全长cDNA文库,可实现短期内获得大量凡纳滨对虾肌肉组织的功能基因表达信息.     

Correlated Responses in Two Traits when Selection is Practised on their Ratio

In many fields of application in plant breeding and crop science, ratios of two component traits X and Y are of interest (harvest index in cereals, leaf-to-stem ratio in forage legumes, height-to-diameter ratio in forest trees etc.). When selection is practised on the ratio X/Y of two traits X and Y, the experimenter may be interested in the resulting changes of both trait means. Based on improved approximations for the covariances between X and X/Y and between Y and X/Y and for the variance of X/Y the changes in the means of X and Y can be predicted by applying the regression approach from conventional selection theory. Explicit expressions for these correlated responses in X and Y when selection is practised on their ratio X/Y are derived and discussed. The different outcomes (decrease, zero change or increase) for the selection pressures on X and Y are characterized by phenotypic coefficients of variation of X and Y, phenotypic and genotypic correlations between X and Y and heritabilities of X and Y.     

三个玉米品种根系生长及碳水化合物分配对氮素响应的差异

[目的]探讨氮对玉米品种根系形态及碳水化合物分配差异的影响。[方法]以3个玉米品种(478、Zong31和Wu312)为供试材料,在4个氮水平(0.04、0.40、2.00、4.00 mmol/L)下培养,28 d后进行各项指标测定。[结果]随着氮浓度提高,平均根轴长呈现先增加后下降的趋势,N1水平下,478根轴长显著高于其他2个品种,N4水平下,3个品种没有显著差异;Zong31和478侧根长随着氮水平的增加而增加,Wu312则是先增加后下降,N1水平下,478低于其他2个品种,高氮下478显著高于其他2个品种;根半径、根表面积随氮水平的提高而增加;3个品种根系吸氮量比例随供氮量的提高而显著下降;根系和地上部的可溶性糖随着氮水平的增加而降低,无论何种氮素水平,478根系可溶性糖含量均高于其他2个品种。[结论]在氮素胁迫下,478根系较高的可溶性糖累积使其具有较大的根系优势,增加了对氮素的吸收,根系可溶性糖含量与氮素吸收效率密切相关。     

Effect of triploidy on quality traits of shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) until the second rearing year

Carcass and flesh morphometric, reological and chemical traits of triploid (3n) and diploid (2n) shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) were evaluated through 7 months. Three age groups, 17‐, 21‐ and 24‐month‐old fish, were investigated. The effects of ploidy were statistically evaluated and the weight of fish was included in the model as a covariate because triploids grew less than diploids. As expected, fish weight was found to be significantly correlated with all the investigated morphometric traits, but showed a negative correlation with some chemical (pH) and colour traits (lightness) of raw fillet. In comparison with controls, triploid shi drums were characterized by different morphological traits that involved a slender body shape. In triploids, a reduction in condition factor, backbone weight, dressing index and an increase in the agility index were also recorded. When the commercial size (i.e. over 300 g) was achieved, triploids exhibited larger coelomatic and fillet (dorsal white muscle) fat deposition than diploids. Among reological traits, colour and texture were affected by ploidy; raw fillet lightness and cooked flesh tenderness were higher among triploids in all the investigated age groups. As fish were fed with a restricted feeding regimen, fillet fat deposition was supposed to be limited. Thus, the effects of ploidy on reological traits may be only partially explained by lipid fillet amount and are supposed to be more related to different fibre muscle architecture.     

Marine fish life history strategies: applications to fishery management

The life history traits of 42 marine fish species were grouped according to the theoretical classifications of life history strategies. This provides a conceptual framework of management options, because life history strategies are the underlying determinants for population responses to climate and ocean changes, they can be used to classify typical population responses. When faced with providing management advice for species for which there is no information on absolute or relative biomass, such as newly exploited species, life history traits can be used to classify the species into a strategist grouping and the appropriate management options can be selected from the conceptual framework.     

Foraging specialisms, prey size and life-history patterns: a test of predictions using sympatric polymorphic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Abstract –  We use arguments based on optimal foraging theory to predict body size constraints and the consequences of these on a range of life-history traits in three trophic specialist morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus , living in sympatry in Loch Rannoch, Scotland. As predicted, foraging specialists feeding on small prey items with a narrow size range showed evidence of deterministic growth; the ultimate body size of macrobenthos feeders being larger ( L _∞ = 238 mm) than that of planktivores ( L _∞ = 216 mm). In contrast, the piscivorous morph showed no evidence of reaching a maximal body size.
The two size-constrained morphs (benthivores and planktivores) matured earlier and died younger (living for up to 11 and 7 years, respectively, in this study) than did the piscivorous charr which showed continuous growth up to at least 17 years.
The pattern of annual reproductive investment in maturing individuals was complex. Planktivores invested in larger eggs than the other two forms, but benthivores produced a greater number of eggs than planktivores, which in turn produced more than piscivores. Planktivorous males had a greater investment in mean testis weight than the other two forms.
Lifetime reproductive output was the greatest in the benthivorous charr, intermediate in planktivorous and the lowest in the piscivorous charr when measured either as fecundity or as gonadal weight. We conclude that constraints imposed upon foraging specialists by foraging efficiency is a significant driver of body size and ultimately reproductive investment in gape-limited foraging salmonids.     

温度波动对不同规格虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)生理和免疫指标的影响

为探讨黄海冷水团锋面温度波动对底播虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)的影向,采用室内模拟的方法,研究了温度波动对虾夷扇贝生理和免疫指标的影响.实验温度波动范围为15-10-15℃,升降温幅度为5℃/2 h,共进行了4次温度波动,分别测定了3个规格虾夷扇贝死亡率、耗氧率、排氨率以及血液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力等生理、免疫指标的变化情况.结果显示,温度波动4次后,大、中、小3个规格虾夷扇贝的死亡率均较低,分别为4％、6％、6％,其中,大规格虾夷扇贝的死亡率低于中、小规格,并且大规格虾夷扇贝在前2次温度波动时出现死亡,第3次温度波动后,不再出现死亡.3个规格组在B1(波动1次)时的耗氧率与初始相比,均为降低;随着波动次数的增加,耗氧率逐渐增加而高于初始水平.除小规格组的B1外,排氨率均随温度波动次数的增加而降低;多重比较分析结果显示,大规格组的B3(波动3次)显著低于波动初始(P＜0.05);中规格组的B4(波动4次)显著低于波动初始(P＜0.05).虾夷扇贝的免疫指标对温度波动更为敏感:温度波动1次或者2次时,3个规格组的SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P＜0.05).上述结果表明,适宜温度范围内的温度波动,也会对虾夷扇贝的生理、免疫指标产生不同程度的影响.     

Physiological metabolism of Haliotis discus hannai Ino under different light qualities and cycles

The goal of this experiment was to examine the effects of different light qualities (red, white, blue) and cycles (12L:12D, 8L:16D, 4L:20D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D) on the survival, growth, metabolism and antioxidant defence system of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Under red and white light at 4L:20D, the body weight‐specific growth rate of abalones was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D group (P < 0.05). At 16L:8D, succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased and lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity and the lactic acid content significantly rose (P < 0.05) in the red and white light groups. Under blue light, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content for each light cycle were significantly higher than those of the red and white groups (P < 0.05). Under blue, white and red light, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content gradually rose with increased duration of light exposure. Under red light, significant differences in these parameters were detected between the 4L:20D and 16L:8D groups (P < 0.05). Under blue and white light at 16L:8D, values of T‐AOC, SOD, GP_X activity and GSH content were significantly lower than those of the 12L:12D group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that red light at light cycles of 4L:20D and 8L:16D is optimal for the culture and production of H. discus hannai, as these conditions promoted food intake, growth and health maintenance as well as normal physiological metabolism of the organism.     

Status,ecology and conservation of an endemic fish,Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis,in Lake Baringo,Kenya

• 1. The tilapia Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis is a genetically and morphologically distinct sub‐species of Oreochromis niloticus endemic to Lake Baringo, Kenya. In recent years, concern has been expressed as to its status. Recent declines in catch returns suggest the population may be threatened, with conservation action required to safeguard it.
• 2. Catch returns from the Baringo fishery since 1964 have shown considerable fluctuations for all species, but especially O. n. baringoensis. From a peak of 712 t in 1970, their total catch was only 5 t in 2005, despite a 2 year period of closure in 2002 and 2003. Changes in fishery catch and relative abundance were independent of exploitation in the fishery but were significantly correlated with lake level.
• 3. Few individuals were captured at lengths >250 mm, with no fish sampled >284 mm. During periods of high lake level, individuals matured at smaller sizes and were capable of growing to larger ultimate sizes. With maturity at lengths <130 mm and fishery regulations preventing removal of fish <180 mm, there was a relatively large proportion of mature fish that was below exploitation size each year (19 to 44%). In most years, the proportion of fish available for exploitation was <10%.
• 4. Stable isotope analyses revealed O. n. baringoensis was reliant upon planktonic basal resources and zooplankton carbon. There was only minimal trophic overlap with other fish species in the lake, indicating little potential for competition for food resources.
• 5. These data suggest that the population status of O. n. baringoensis is not threatened per se, but subject to an unpredictable and unstable environment that strongly influences their life‐history traits and, ultimately, their population abundance, and should be managed accordingly.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同栽培方式对水稻产量的影响

[目的]为探讨不同栽培方式对水稻产量的影响,摸索一条降低水稻生产成本、提高水稻生产效益的途径。[方法]2012年在金城江区凌霄村在早稻和晚稻生产期间开展田间小区试验。4种栽培方式分别为非稻草还田免耕抛秧(A)、稻草还田常耕抛秧(B)、稻草还田免耕抛秧(C)、非稻草还田常耕抛秧(D)。[结果]不同处理对水稻分蘖的影响有明显差异,各处理分蘖高峰期相同,但分蘖量有差异,表现为处理B﹥处理D﹥处理C﹥处理A;抛栽后30 d分蘖大多属于无效分蘖。各处理早稻全生育期均为130 d,晚稻121 d,说明免耕抛栽和常耕抛秧对水稻生长发育进程没有影响。处理A、C比处理D,早稻分别增产823.5、850.5 kg/hm2,增幅分别为9.1%、9.3%;晚稻分别增产811.5、1 084.5 kg/hm2,增幅分别为10.0%、13.2%。处理A、C比处理D早稻分别增收2 805.0、2 854.5元/hm2,晚稻分别增收2 847.0、3 369.0元/hm2。[结论]稻草还田免耕抛秧和免耕抛秧既能提高经济效益,又能节省劳力,同时可以减少环境污染和水土流失;不但能解决稻草资源的浪费,也有利于保护生态环境,促进水稻生产的可持续发展。