群体改良面包小麦品质性状的方法与技术

为了探讨分子标记技术用于太谷核不育小麦(Ta1)轮回选择育种的可行性,广泛搜集含有不同优质亚基且农艺性状优良的种质资源,对创建动态的改良面包小麦品质优质基因库进行了研究。结果表明,5亚基特异PCR标记在具有5亚基的单株中均能扩增出450bp的基因片段,生化标记与其结果一致;通过控制授粉引入优质基因,开花前淘汰劣质基因型,借助于可育株与不育株的异交,使优质基因重组、累加和聚合,获得了14 15、5 10亚基的聚合体和5 12等亚基的稀有类型;与基础群体比,轮选群体的单株产量增加1.0~1.5g,株高降低7.5cm,使品质、产量得到同步改良,从而建立了分子标记辅助Ta1小麦改良品质性状的优质基因库。     

新麦草种子产量与繁殖性状的关联性分析

为了解新麦草的种子产量及繁殖性状间的关系,对27份新麦草种质资源的单株种子产量与7个产量性状的关联性进行了分析。结果表明,新麦草的单株生殖枝数、穗轴节数、单穗小花数和千粒重与单株种子产量关联最密切,其相关性表现为单株生殖枝数＞千粒重＞穗轴节数＞单穗小花数。经通径分析,单株生殖枝数（X₁）对单株种子产量（Y）直接效应最大,其余依次是单穗小花数（X₄）、单穗小穗数（X₃）、千粒重（X₇）、穗轴节数（X₂）和单穗结实种子数（X₅）,其中单穗结实种子数和结实率对种子产量均表现为负效应,且未达到显著水平。经逐步回归分析得到回归方程Y= -9.880 2+0.27X₁+0.012X₄+2.011 1X₇（R=0.805 8,P<0.001）,说明提高单株生殖枝数、千粒重、单穗小花数对新麦草增产的贡献最大,增加结实率也可间接提高新麦草的单株种子产量。     

铝胁迫对大豆幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

采用砂培法研究了不同铝浓度条件下, 2个大豆品种(浙春3号和华春18)幼苗根系形态特征和生理特性的变化.结果表明:低浓度(50mg/L)的铝促进大豆根系长度、根系体积、根系表面积和根系活力的增加,降低根系细胞质膜透性,对大豆生长有一定的促进作用;高浓度的铝(5000mg/L)明显抑制根系长度的增长,使根系直径显著增大,降低大豆根系活力,使根系细胞质膜透性大大增加,明显不利于大豆的生长发育.2个大豆品种对铝胁迫存在着一定的差异,浙春3号对铝毒胁迫的耐受能力要强于华春18.     

An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.     

不同基因型油菜对苗期水分胁迫的生理响应

通过盆栽试验分析了17个不同基因型甘蓝型油菜对苗期水分胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性差异。结果表明,水分胁迫下不同油菜材料9个生理生化指标的抗旱系数（Dc）存在显著差异,其中叶片萎蔫指数（WI）的变异系数和改良潜力最大。17份材料的平均隶属函数值（AS）变幅在0.12～0.94之间。相关分析表明AS与9个生理生化指标达显著或极显著相关,其中相关性最高的是WI和叶绿素含量,而且WI还与其余的8个生理生化指标具有很高的相关性。利用隶属函数法和系统聚类法对供试材料的抗旱性进行了评价分级,发现两种分类方法的评价结果一致,均可将供试油菜材料划分为不抗、低抗、中抗和高抗4种类型。鉴定获得了华杂10号、B108、Q2和中双7号等4份高度抗旱材料（AS > 0.75）。由于WI与苗期综合抗旱性高度相关,且测定简便,因此叶片萎蔫指数可作为油菜苗期抗旱性鉴定的关键指标。     

Genetic gains in grain yield, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance achieved in Henan Province of China between 1981 and 2008

Knowledge of the changes in agronomic and photosynthetic traits associated with genetic gains in grain yield potential is essential for an improved understanding of yield-limiting factors and for determining future breeding strategies. The objectives of this study were to identify agronomic and photosynthetic traits associated with genetic gains in grain yield of facultative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) between 1981 and 2008 in Henan Province, the most important wheat producing area in China. During the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 crop seasons, a yield potential trial comprising 18 leading and new cultivars released between 1981 and 2008 was conducted at two locations, using a completely randomised block design of three replicates. Results showed that average annual genetic gain in grain yield was 0.60% or 51.30 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and the significant genetic improvement in grain yield was directly attributed to increased thousand grain weight which also contributed to the significant increase in harvest index. The genetic gains in rates of net photosynthesis at 10, 20 and 30 days after anthesis were 1.10% (R² = 0.46, P < 0.01), 0.68% (R² = 0.31, P < 0.05) and 6.77% (R² = 0.34, P < 0.05), respectively. The rates of net photosynthesis at 10 (r = 0.58, P < 0.05), 20 (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) and 30 (r = 0.65, P < 0.01) days after anthesis were closely and positively correlated with grain yield. A slight decrease in leaf temperature and an increase in stomatal conductance after anthesis were also observed. Grain yield was closely and positively associated with stomatal conductance (r = 0.69, P < 0.01) and transpiration rate (r = 0.63, P < 0.01) at 30 days after anthesis. Therefore, improvement of those traits was the likely basis of increasing grain yield in Henan Province between 1981 and 2008. The genetic improvement in yield was primarily attributed to the utilization of two elite parents Yumai 2 and Zhou 8425B. The future challenge of wheat breeding in this region is to maintain the genetic gain in grain yield and to improve grain quality, without increasing inputs for the wheat-maize double cropping system.     

人重组溶菌酶对肉鸡生产性能及胴体品质的影响

研究人重组溶茵酶对肉鸡生产性能、胴体品质的影响,探讨其替代抗生素的可能性及其在肉鸡日粮中添加的最佳剂量。试验结果表明,添加0．3％人重组溶菌酶促生长效果最好。     

Automated image analysis as a tool to quantify the colour and composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) cutlets

The goal of this paper is to propose and evaluate automated image analysis methods for describing muscle cutlets in rainbow trout. The proposed automated image analysis methods were tested on a total of 983 scanned images of trout cutlets, and included quality traits such as fat percentage, flesh colour and the size of morphologically distinguishable subparts of the cutlet. A sub-sample of 50 images was randomly selected for manual segmentation of the cutlet, the dorsal fat depot and the red muscle and regions. The identification of these regions by manual and automatic image analysis correlated strongly (r = 0.97, r = 0.95 and r = 0.91, respectively). The estimated fat percentage obtained from image analysis, based on the area of visible fat and the colour of the cutlet flesh, correlated well with chemical fat percentage measured by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy (MIT) (r = 0.78). The automated image analysis methods are therefore a reliable means of predicting the fat percentage of trout cutlets. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading plots were used to identify subsets of variables from the image analysis of special significance for further studies; cutlet area, dorsal fat depot area, red muscle area, back height, cutlet width, and width of left and right abdomen wall were among the variables selected. PCA loading plots of different colour variables indicated that simple statistical coefficients such as percentiles and mean values can be used to quantify different aspects of flesh colour. In conclusion, the methods presented here provide a powerful toolbox for describing important morphological structures and quality traits of trout cutlets.     

大黄鱼22个微卫星标记在F1家系中的分离方式及与生长性状的相关分析

研究了1个大黄鱼F1家系150个个体22个微卫星位点的基因型分布,并分析了标记位点与生长性状的相关性。结果显示,22个位点共检测到60个等位基因,平均等位基因数为2.73,平均有效等位基因数为2.37;平均观测杂合度与期望杂合度分别为0.75和0.73,部分位点基因型分布严重偏离孟德尔定律,暗示其可能与适应性基因相连锁,其中LYC0446位点附近可能存在隐性纯合致死基因。LYC0077位点与体质量、体长和体高均呈显著相关(P<0.05),其中等位基因A(165 bp)对应的生长性状表型值最大,可以作为选育快长性状的有效分子标记;LYC0015和LYC0243与体高呈显著相关(P<0.05),与体长、体质量的相关不显著(P>0.05),LYC0015位点的等位基因C(110 bp)和LYC0243位点的等位基因A(160 bp)为有利的等位基因。对LYC0015、LYC0077和LYC0243进行不同基因型个体表型值的多重比较,找到3种对生长性状有利的基因型,分别为BC、AA和AB。同时,以体质量性状为参照,对3个位点不同基因型组合进行比较,找到一个最优基因型组合(BC/AA/AB),与3个位点单独分析对应的最优基因型完全一致,符合加性作用模型。     

鲁甸县核桃种质资源表型多样性调查初报

通过调查鲁甸核桃604株成年结果树的物候特征、植物学特性、坚果的经济性状及丰产性得出:鲁甸县核桃种质资源萌芽期为2月上旬至4月上旬,集中期为2月下旬到3月中旬,雌雄花开放期集中在3月中下旬至4月上旬,果实成熟期集中在9月至10月;植物学上,在叶形、枝条颜色、雌花柱头、子房颜色、雄花序长度、青果性状等方面存在多样性;鲁甸核桃每果枝坐果数为1~7,还有串串核桃的存在,丰产性好;在树形方面,表现为自然圆头形、自然开心形、自然分层形、自然圆锥形的多样性,核桃坚果的三径均值、出仁率、仁重、单果重、壳厚的变异系数分别为9.48%、13.46%、24.05%、25.46%、25.74%,多样性较丰富。