利用诱导因子抗新疆甜瓜疫霉病的田间效果

用化学诱导因子和灭活的生物诱导因子在田间自然条件下诱导了新疆甜瓜产生对疫霉病的整体抗性。1996年的试验结果表明，用化学诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果可达79．40％，平均诱抗效果在40％以上；生物诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果为68．2％，平均诱抗效果为30％以上。1997年的试验基本上验证了1996年的结果，化学诱导因子最高诱抗效果可达60％，平均诱抗效果为35．86％，经t测验分析，诱抗效果显著。     

稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布的动态研究

稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布在水稻的不同发育期存在差异。其空间分布主要由稻田蜘蛛本身的扩散程度及生殖 ,游猎型和定居型数量的多寡 ,主要目标害虫的数量及其分布 ,栖息环境的变化及其耕作方式和稻田蜘蛛的种群密度及其种间竞争程度决定。     

The newest leafminer pest in Israel,Liriomyza huidobrensis

The pea leafminer,Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), recently introduced into Israel, has proven to be extremely proliferous and difficult to control. It is a much more serious pest of vegetable and flower crops than the previously introducedLiriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Photosynthesis is reduced and cosmetic damage is incurred when adult flies stipple plant leaves with feeding punctures and larvae mine the leaves. This paper will review briefly the history, biology and potential control measures of the pea leafminer.     

Reinvestigating adjuvants for the wild oat herbicide,flamprop-M-isopropyl. II: Field performance

A field trials programme was conducted in which the performance of a new emulsifiable concentrate formulation (ECI) of flamprop-M-isopropyl containing the adjuvant, ‘Dobanol’ 25-7, in a ratio of 2:1 (by weight) with the AI, was compared with the current commercial formulation of ‘Commando’, in combination with its recommended adjuvant, ‘Swirl’, for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A further treatment, in which the ‘Dobanol’ 25-7: AI ratio was increased to 4:1 by the spray tank addition of the former, was also included. The mean results from six trials (five wheat, one barley) showed that the addition of ‘Swirl’ to ‘Commando’ was beneficial, increasing wild oat floret control from a mean value of 80% to 92% at current recommended rates (flamprop-M-isopropyl, 600 g ha^?1; ‘Swirl’, 2.5 litre ha^?1). However, combinations of flamprop-M-isopropyl and ‘Dobanol’ 25-7 gave superior levels of control even at lower AI application rates. For example, a mean level of 96% control of Avena spp. was obtained at 300 g AI ha^?1 with 1200 g ha^?1 ‘Dobanol’ 25–7; with even better control at higher rates of application of both components. This improvement in performance was accompanied by a higher risk of crop phytotoxicity than observed with the ‘Commando’/‘Swirl’ mixtures. Symptoms initially were scorch and subsequently growth depression, particularly of tillers. None of the mean values in the six ‘efficacy’ trials reached commercially unacceptable levels, but in a further six ‘crop effects’ trials (three wheat, three barley), in which double rates were applied, the levels of phytotoxicity did become unacceptable and subsequently reduced grain yields. In contrast, two barley ‘crop effects’ trials gave yields higher than the control plots, possibly through the effects of reducing stem length and lodging thereby enabling more efficient harvesting. Nevertheless, there were rates of application of flamprop-M-isopropyl in the range 300–400 g ha^?1 with ratios of ‘Dobanol’ 25-7 in the range 2:1 to 4:1 that would achieve high levels of control of Avena spp. without undue risk of crop phytotoxicity and further trials are planned to support this new adjuvant system.     

Relation between cropping frequency of peas and other legumes and foot and root rot in peas

The relation between the frequency of legume crops in a rotation and the root rot severity in pea was examined in a field survey. Additionally, greenhouse experiments were performed with soil samples from legume rotation trials or from farmers' fields. The frequency of pea crops in current rotations proved to be much less than the recommended value of one in six years. The correlation between pea root rot and the number of years that pea or other legumes were not grown on the field under consideration (called crop interval) was weak. Root rot severity correlated better with the frequency of peas or legumes in general over a period of 18 years, but the frequency still explained only a minor fraction of the variation in disease index. Some experimental data pointed to the occurrence of a highly specific pathogen microflora with continuous cropping of only one legume species, but this phenomenon probably does not occur in farmers' fields. In field samples, root disease index for pea correlated well with that for field bean. The survival of resting structures of pathogens such asAphanomyces euteiches probably explains why the frequency of legume cropping has a higher impact than crop interval on root disease incidence. Pea-free periods and legume frequencies have a poor predictive value for crop management purposes.     

Fusarium moniliforme secretes four endopolygalacturonases derived from a single gene product

Extracellular endopolygalacturonase, purified from the pathogenic fungus Fusarium moniliforme, consists of four molecular forms (38, 41·5, 45, and 48·5 kDa, respectively. Three forms (38, 41·5, and 45 kDa) were purified to homogencity by FPLC on a Mono S column followed by electroelution after SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of each of the three forms, and of a mixture containing all four forms were shown to be identical to that predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the endopolygalacturonase gene previously cloned from F. moniliforme. Enzymatic deglycosylation experiments revealed the presence of N-linked, high mannose oligosaccharide side-chains on all four forms of endo polygalacturonase. Hydrogen fluoride catalysed chemical deglycosylation of the polygalacturonase mixture yielded a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 36·2 kDa. Southern blot analysis, carried out at high stringency with an endopolygalacturonase-specific probe on genomic DNA digested with three different restriction enzymes, showed a single hybridizing restriction fragment in all three digests. A single 2·0 Mb chromosome hybridized with the endo polygalacturonase-specific probe, as shown by Southern blot analysis of F. moniliforme chromosomes separated by CHEF electrophoresis. Northern blot analysis revealed only one mRNA species 1350 nt encoding endo polygalacturonase. These data indicate that a single gene encodes the endopolygalacturonases of F. moniliforme.     

辣椒田蟋蟀种类、生活规律与综合防治的研究

辣椒田蟋蟀有5种。北京油葫芦 Teleogryllus emma Ohmaehi et Matsumura 为陕西关中灌区椒田的主要种。大扁头蟋 Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein 为不同生态区的常见种。各种蟋蟀在陕西1年均发生1代,以卵越冬,4月下旬孵化盛期,4月下旬—9月上旬若虫发生期,8月下旬—9月下旬成虫发生盛期。8—9月是为害辣椒的关键时期。蟋蟀具有较强的趋光性、趋化性,有趋向于渠边、地边的习性,18—19时为日活动高峰。地膜、杂草孳生、生长势郁闭、麦糠(草)覆盖及混作的椒田,种群数量大,为害严重。早期田间挖窝诱蛛、插种玉水、花生、繁育天敌,中期溜施毒土,后期毒饵诱杀,是控制蟋蟀为害的有效措施。     

实验室人工感染诱发猪瘟野毒垂直传播

利用2头人工感染中等毒力猪瘟野毒耐过猪进行配种,诱发了猪瘟野毒垂直传播.带毒母猪于带毒后171 d产下9头仔猪,其中3头为死胎,6头为木乃伊.直接免疫荧光抗体试验和RT-PCR检测,9头均为阳性.测序结果表明,3头测序仔猪中,2头仔猪所分离病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列与公猪所接种病毒的一致;另1头仔猪所分离病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列与公猪所接种病毒的同源性高于与母猪所接种病毒的同源性.母猪在与公猪配种前后,其所分离病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列发生了变化,配种后与公猪所分离病毒的一致,说明猪瘟病毒在猪体内的繁殖存在一定的优势选择现象.     

The distribution of olive fruit fly captures with McPhail traps within an olive orchard

The spatial distribution of olive fruit flyBactrocera (Dacus) oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) field captures with McPhail traps within an experimental orchard was evaluated. Contour maps were constructed to examine the patterns in the 3-year trapping data. Captures varied widely inside the olive orchard, with traps suspended on wild olive trees exhibiting the poorest performance. Favorable microclimate, created by a standing water pool, appeared to be responsible for increased trap captures during the hot summer months. The positive role of the olive tree fruit load is also discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 2, 2003.     

不同控制措施对棉田害虫天敌的影响

研究了不同控制措施对棉花害虫天敌的影响,结果表明,化学农药防治对棉田捕食性天敌伤害大,第3代棉铃虫发生期间的捕食性天敌总量比自然控制区减少23.48%。第4代期间数量减少41.26%;种类在第3、4代期间分别减少2、3种,生物农药防治措施对天敌伤害小,不同控制措施对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂的寄生率均有影响,自然控制区幼虫的寄生率明显高于化学防治区,生物农药防治区和转基因棉区,不同控制措施还影响寄生蜂的羽化率,转基因虫棉田寄生蜂的寄生率低于常规棉田的问题应引起重视。