转基因玉米双抗12-5对根际土壤酶活性及 微生物多样性的影响

采用田间试验研究了转基因玉米瑞丰1号-双抗-12-5(RF1-12-5)种植对根际土壤酶活性、微生物群落的影响,可为RF1-12-5的环境释放和商业化应用提供科学的安全性评价数据支持。研究结果表明:①在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与其非转基因对照品种瑞丰1号(RF1)根际土壤碱性蛋白酶、脲酶和酸性转化酶活性均没有显著性差异;RF1-12-5根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性在收获期、碱性磷酸酶活性在乳熟期显著低于RF1,其他生育期差异不显著。②在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与RF1根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数、McIntosh均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均不存在显著性差异,主成分分析未发现RF1-12-5与RF1根际微生物功能多样性存在规律性差异。     

Soil Quality for Rice Productivity and Yield Sustainability under Long-term Fertilizer and Manure Application

Productivity and sustainability of rice-rice cropping system depend upon the soil quality which is primarily governed by application of fertilizers and manures. However, such information is limited and hence, the present investigation was carried out in a 9-year-old long-term fertilizer experiment at Bhubaneswar, India. There were seven treatments (control, application of 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + Zn, 100% NPK + FYM, 100% NPK + Zn + B, and 100% NPK + Zn + S) laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Indicators of soil quality (physical, chemical, and biological) were diagnosed from 30 numbers of soil properties measured on the post-wet season soil and soil quality was assessed taking productivity and sustainability of dry season rice as goal functions. Results revealed that the highest productivity and sustainability of dry season rice was found with application of 100% NPK + FYM. This treatment, in general, showed better physical, chemical, and biological properties than rest of the treatments. The highest soil quality index (SQI) was recorded in 100% NPK + FYM (0.941) treatment followed by 150% NPK (0.826) with CEC diagnosed as the only key indicator for rice productivity. For yield sustainability in dry season, reserve K and total N were important contributing 89% and 11%, respectively to the SQI. Therefore, these soil properties could be used to monitor soil quality in wet season. Application of FYM along with 100% NPK could sustain the productivity of dry season rice by improving soil properties under subtropical rice-rice system.     

基于主成分分析的玉米萌发期抗旱性综合评定

试验在人工气候室内利用称重法精确控制75%和35%土壤相对含水量(RWC),通过分析播种后7 d不同玉米品种的发芽率、根系生长、干物质转化等对干旱胁迫的响应差异,对10个玉米品种进行萌发期抗旱性综合评定。结果表明,干旱胁迫降低了玉米的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发抗旱指数、地上部与地下根物质积累和贮藏物质转运率,增大了根冠比。利用主成分分析与热图分析得出,玉米萌发期抗旱鉴定的四级指标分别为干物质积累量、发芽指数和种子萌发抗旱指数;根长、根冠比和根干重等;根体积和贮藏物质转运率;发芽势。将指标按照对抗旱性影响的差异分为4类,发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发抗旱指数;根体积、贮藏物质转运率;根冠比;根长和芽长。依据综合值对10个玉米品种萌发期抗旱性评价,其抗旱性强弱依次为浚单29、蠡玉35、五谷704、吉祥1号、先玉335、博优989、郑单958、伟科702、农玉2号、登海605。     

贵阳花溪古茶树遗传进化的SNP分析

试验采用SNP(单核苷酸多态性)技术对贵阳花溪古茶树资源的遗传多样性、群体结构和遗传进化进行了分析.结果表明,利用生物信息学分析古茶树样品的重测序数据,获得了1 656 258个SLAF标签,古茶树样品平均测序深度为24.21x,其中多态性的SLAF标签有462 897个,共得到283 376个高一致性的群体SNP标记.从基于SNP标记获得的进化树可以看出,来自相近地方的古茶树在进化树上基本上处于相近位置,但是花溪古茶树存在着广泛的遗传变异,主成分分析(PCA)获得了与进化树一致的结果.群体结构分析可清晰地把古茶树资源分为乔木型和灌木型2个类群.乔木型古茶树位于进化树下部,而灌木型古茶树处于进化树上部,表明茶树是由乔木型向灌木型进化的.     

Metabolite profiling of the response to high-nitrogen fertilizer during grain development of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat yield and quality are dependent largely on nitrogen (N) availability. In this study, we performed the first metabolomic analysis of the response to high-N fertilizer during wheat grain development using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Quality parameter analyses demonstrated that high-N fertilizer application led to a significant increase in grain protein content and improvement in starch and bread-making quality. Comparative metabolomic profiling of six grain developmental stages resulted in identification of 74 metabolites, including amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids and lipids/alcohol, which are primarily involved in carbon and N metabolism. Under high-N fertilizer treatment, numerous metabolites accumulated significantly during grain development. Principal component analysis revealed two principal components as being responsible for the variances resulting from N-fertilizer treatments. Metabolite–metabolite correlation analysis demonstrated that the high-N treatment group had a greater number of positive correlations among metabolites, suggesting that high-N fertilizer treatment induced a concerted metabolic change that resulted in improved grain development. Particularly, the high-N treatment-mediated significant accumulation of metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, starch and storage protein synthesis could be responsible for the improvement of grain yield and quality. Our results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of wheat grain development and yield and quality.     

一种新型贝壳鱼礁的大型底栖藻类附着效果初探

在大连市长海县大长山岛海域选取A、B、C 3个区域,于2013年11月向A区和C区分别投放混凝土构件礁和新型贝壳鱼礁,B区作为空白对照区,于投礁1个月、半年和1年后对3个区域开展环境因子和大型底栖藻类资源状况调查,分析藻类群落演替规律及其与环境因子的关系,评价贝壳礁上藻类的附着效果。调查结果表明,投礁1个月后,3个区域藻类种类和数量差异较小,随着投礁时间延长,混凝土构件礁区和贝壳礁区大型底栖藻类的生物量和种类均大于空白对照区,其中贝壳礁区藻类生物量和种类增加得更为显著,且相较于另外2个区域,藻类群落结构更早趋于稳定。环境因子对藻类生物量影响的去趋势对应分析和主成分分析表明,影响不同藻类生物量的环境因子有差别。分别对3个区域的藻类群落和主要环境因子指标进行冗余分析发现,影响3个区域藻类群落变化的最主要环境因子均为水温,影响自然礁石和混凝土构件礁上藻类群落的次要因子为氮、磷营养盐等,而影响贝壳礁上藻类群落的次要因子为溶解氧和叶绿素a。     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

山西普通菜豆初级核心种质农艺性状遗传多样性研究

本研究通过对152份山西省普通菜豆初级核心种质进行农艺性状鉴定及农艺性状多样性分析,旨在明确山西省普通菜豆种质资源的主要类型,各类型及性状的主要农艺性状特征及多样性特点。通过在田间进行农艺性状鉴定,同时利用表型数据,采用聚类分析、多样性分析和主成分分析法,确定了山西省普通菜豆种质资源的主要类型,各类型和各性状的农艺性状特征和多样性特点以及24个表型性状所属的主成分。结果表明山西普通菜豆初级核心种质可划分为5种类型。从各分组多样性来看,半蔓+蔓生-紫茎紫花型和蔓生-籽粒斑纹型多样性指数I最高,而直立型资源多样性指数I最低,从各性状多样性来看,质量性状多样性总体低于数量性状,但粒色则表现出明显丰富的多样性。通过主成分分析,将普通菜豆23个农艺性状归属为7个主成分,初步明确了各主成分代表的农艺性状;通过上述研究,明确了山西普通菜豆主要类型、多样性特征和各主成分代表的主要农艺性状,可为资源鉴定评价提供综合性状指标。     

吩嗪-1-羧酸及其类似物的合成研究进展

天然产物吩嗪-1-羧酸（PCA）作为重要的微生物代谢产物,在假单胞菌属（Pseudomonads）和链霉菌属（Streptomycetes）等微生物分泌物中广泛存在,具有医用抗肺癌活性及抗水稻纹枯病、西瓜枯萎病、辣椒疫病、小麦全蚀病、西瓜炭疽病和油菜菌核病等病原菌的广谱性农用抗菌活性,对人畜和环境无害,并具有独特的化学结构,是研发绿色农药的理想化合物。文章综述了吩嗪-1-羧酸及其类似物在微生物发酵及化学合成方面的研究进展,分析了各合成路线中的关键反应,讨论了各合成方法的优缺点。     

苦荞产区种质资源遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

【目的】了解苦荞产区种质资源遗传多样性和遗传结构,为苦荞资源的有效利用提供参考。【方法】采用相关性分析、主成分分析方法对苦荞8个植株性状进行分析;温室内培养苦荞资源,于3叶期,每个资源选取10株新鲜叶片,采用CTAB方法提取苦荞基因组DNA,结合SSR分子标记方法进行PCR扩增,然后对扩增产物进行电泳检测并照相保存,根据SSR检测位点构建[0,1] 矩阵,最后利用PowerMarker3.25和Structure2.3.4软件对83份苦荞种质资源进行遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析。【结果】8个植株性状分布较分散,大部分植株性状间呈现显著相关,植株性状的前4个主成分累计贡献率达到85.22%,基本可以显示苦荞种质资源植株性状的相关性关系;不同植株性状间株高和主茎粗变异系数最大,遗传变异最丰富。不同省份的资源表现出不同的遗传多样性,西藏资源的表型遗传多样指数H′ 均值最高,为1.82,其次为四川,遗传多样性指数H′ 均值为1.78;不同省份资源植株性状的遗传多样性存在差异,四川生育期、株高、主茎分枝的遗传多样性指数H′ 最高,陕西叶宽的遗传多样性指数H′ 最高,云南千粒重的遗传多样性指数H′ 最高;植株性状的主成分分析表明相似产区的植株性状具有一定的相关性。13条核心引物共检测出208条清晰的条带,其中200条（96.15%）具有多态性,平均每条引物扩增出的条带数和多态性条带数分别为16个和15.4个;不同引物等位基因变化范围为4-58个,重要的基因频率变化范围为0.02-0.86,多样性指数变化范围为0.38-0.98,多态信息量（PIC）变化范围为0.35-0.98;不同地理来源苦荞种质资源的遗传多样性表明,北方产区亲缘关系较近,西南产区亲缘关系较近,说明不同地理来源的群体类别与产区存在一定的关系;来自陕西群体的等位基因数量最多、基因多样性指数和多态性信息量最高,分别为12.0769、0.8365和0.8265;基于模型的遗传结构分析将苦荞资源划分为3个类群,基于遗传距离的聚类显示苦荞种质资源穿插分布,资源的地理来源地分化不明显,但是同一产区的资源遗传距离较近,资源之间具有一定的产区分化。【结论】苦荞产区种质资源PIC较高,遗传多样性丰富,2大产区具有一定的资源交流和遗传物质交换。