几种小浆果生物活性物质研究进展

小浆果是果树作物中重要的组成部分,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。各部分器官中均含有大量的生物活性物质,这些生物活性物质具有较强的生理功能,对人体健康具有促进作用。文章综述了越橘、树莓、黑穗醋栗、蓝果忍冬和沙棘等几种小浆果中所含生物活性物质的种类及其生理功能。     

Hepatoprotective activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, captopril and enalapril, against paraquat toxicity

Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that is used in most countries without restriction. The cytotoxic action of paraquat is mediated by reactive radicals that are products of its metabolic reduction in cells. It has already been hypothesized that some angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril and enalapril) could show antioxidant and radical scavenging activity through their structural thiol groups, increasing antioxidant enzymes production or nitric oxide synthesis. In this study the hepatoprotective effect of captopril and enalapril against paraquat induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity was evaluated in isolated rat hepatocyte. Subtoxic concentrations of captopril (0.2 mM) and enalapril (0.2 mM) significantly (p < 0.05) protected the hepatocytes against paraquat (2 mM) induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers including: cell lysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane oxidative damage and cellular proteolysis. Moreover, we showed that non-thiol enalapril acts as well as thiol containing captopril at inhibiting oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers. Finally, our results support the hypothesis that it is the increase in nitric oxide synthesis and not the presence of the thiol group that accounts for the antioxidant activity of ACE inhibitors.     

土壤腐殖质氮结构的X-光电能谱研究

X－ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was applied to examine the N structures of soil humic substances and some of their analogues.It was found that for soil humic substances XPS method gave similar results as those obtained by ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) method.70%-86% of total N in soil humic substances was in the form of amide,and 6%-13% was presented as ammes,with the remaining part as heterocyclic N.There was no difference in the distribution of the forms of N between the humic substances from soils formed over hundreds or thousands of years and the newly formed ones.For fulvic acid from weathered coal and benzoquinone-(NH4)2SO4 polymer the XPS results deviated significantly from the ^15N CPMAS NMR data.     

Effects of fractions of coal-derived humic substances on seed germination and growth of seedlings (Lactuga sativa and Lycopersicum esculentum)

Summary Lettuce and tomato seeds were treated in Petri dishes with a humic acid derived from an oxidized coal and with fractions of the same humic acid obtained by ultrafiltration through membranes of known molecular cutoff and by extracting with buffers set at pH 4 and pH 5. The unfractionated humic acid was applied at 40, 100, 1000, and 5000 mg l^-1 whereas the humic fractions were applied at 40, 100, and 200 mg l^-1. Germination parameters such as the number of total germinated seeds, the velocity of seed germination, the fresh weight and dry weight of total seedlings were measured and related to the chemical and physicochemical properties of the humic material. No increase in the germination percentage or the germination rate was observed for either lettuce or tomato seeds. The fresh weight of total seedlings and per seedling increased in treatments with unfractionated humic acid with increasing concentrations for both lettuce and tomato plants without showing signs of growth inhibition up to 5000 mg l^-1. This was attributed to cell elongation and more efficient water uptake. For the lettuce, the fresh weight both of total seedlings and per seedling was enhanced by treating the seeds with fractions of low molecular weight and high content of acidic functions, whereas the dry weight both of total seedlings and per seedling did not change with the humic fraction used. For the tomato seeds in contrast, the dry weight both of total seedlings and per seedling was increased by the use of unfractionated humic acid and by some of the humic fractions. An uptake of humic material by growing tomato seedlings was inferred.     

Irrigation with plant extracts in ecofarming increases biomass production and mineral and organic nitrogen content of plants

Seedlings of alfalfa, rape, spinach, and wheat, potted on sandy soil, were irrigated with an aqueous extract of pea shoot (PE, 9.84 g dry weight l^–1) or a solution of Ca, K, Mg, P, and NO₃‐N salts (SS) in a concentration similar to that in PE, for 31–48 days. In comparison to water‐irrigated controls, both SS and PE treated plants showed nearly equal increases in shoot dry weight (29–40 %), whereas PE‐treated plants had higher fresh weights (38–84 %) due to increased succulence. Treatment with SS did not enhance, but sometimes even reduce, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, and several trace elements in shoot tissues. In contrast, PE‐treated plants had higher Ca, K, Mg, and organic N, but lower As and Ni contents and were thus of higher nutritive value. Reduced contents of metals in plant tissue correlated with their reduced solubility in the soil solution, which was not due to changes in pH. Fertilizer components such as K and Mg (metals of lower exchange intensity) were incorporated into the soil to release Ca, Sr, and Ba (metals of higher exchange intensity) and reduce the solubility of most trace elements and metal‐complexing humic substances. In addition, application of Ca precipitated heavy metals and humic complexes directly from the soil solution. This effect was partially overcome by PE. Its carboxylic acids could act as phytochelators of metal ions and as mobilizers of the highly diffusible humic substances which carry metals to roots. It is concluded that continuous PE application replaces the quantities of Ca, K, Mg, P, and organic N, but not of NO₃‐N consumed during plant growth. Using PE does not add any relevant quantities of toxic metals to the plant‐soil system.     

调制对烟草香气物质含量的影响研究进展

为探究调制技术与烟草香气物质含量的关系,从调制设施、调制环境、调制方法等方面综述了调制对烤烟、白肋烟等不同烟草类型烟叶香气物质含量的影响,分析并总结了烤房设施、晾房设施及调制温湿度、调制时间、调制方法等烟草调制技术的研究成果及研究中存在的问题,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

Effect of Foliar Applications of Humic Acid on Growth,Visual Quality,Nutrients Content and Root Parameters of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.)

In recent years, applying humic acid (HA) has been common in turfgrass management. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of HA on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of “Speedygreen” perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Different concentrations of HA (0, 100, 400, and 1000 mg L^?1) were applied monthly as foliar application. Results showed that leaf phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) content, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and root fresh weights were not affected by HA. Meanwhile, HA improved the root and shoot development, except for root fresh weight. While just 100 mg L^?1 improved height, visual quality, nitrogen (N) content, roots length, and surface of roots, all of HA concentrations were effective on iron content. These results suggest that HA foliar application might be of benefit to enhance some nutrients uptake and root development of ryegrass possibly leading to improved drought resistance.     

土壤腐殖物质的固体13C核磁共振技术研究

土壤腐殖物质的组成和结构复杂,其中含有多种官能团,是土壤碳库中的重要组成部分.固态13C NMR是研究有机化合物结构的有效手段,特别对于不溶性HM,已成为其研究的重要技术方法.本文主要介绍了固体13C NMR在土壤腐殖物质中的应用概况,总结、归纳了土壤腐殖物质中不同官能团所对应的信号区间,对比分析了腐殖物质中不同组分的结构区别,讨论分析了固体13C NMR在土壤腐殖物质结构与形态研究中的应用,以期借助固体13C NMR更加深入地对腐殖物质整体结构进行研究,推进对腐殖物质形成、转化的探讨.     

柞蚕抗病机制及其抗病物质的研究——Ⅲ.柞蚕诱导抗菌物质活性与柞蚕对NPV感染抵抗性的相关关系

本试验利用半蛾区测定方法,将同蛾区蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性、稚蚕期对柞蚕NPV的感染抵抗性进行了相关性的比较试验.初步结果表明:(1)同蛾区稚蚕期对NPV感染抵抗性强的.蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性也高,呈正相关关系,(2)蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性高的峨区,次代稚蚕期抗毒力(NPV)也强,呈正相关;(3)柞蚕五龄幼虫经大肠杆菌诱导后也能产生抗菌物质,且其诱导抗菌物质活性与溶菌酶活性趋于正相关.同时,供试的三个柞蚕品种,蚕期和蛹期诱导抗菌物质活性趋于一致.     

Endogenous plant growth substances content in young fruits of seeded and seedless Clementine mandarin as related to fruit set and development

The content of plant growth substances in the fruits of seedless (‘Fino’) and seeded (‘Monreal’) Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during the early stages of development was investigated. Auxin-like substances were determined with the oat mesocotyl bioassay, gibberellin-like substances with the α-amylase bioassay, and abscisic acid (ABA) by gas chromatography—electron capture detector. Methanolic extracts of fruits of seedless Clementine had higher content of auxin-like compounds in the acidic and butanolic fractions than the seeded Clementine extracts. In particular, a compound with R_f 0–0.25 in the chromatograms may be involved in the parthenocarpic fruit set development of ‘Fino’ Clementine ovaries. Diffusable gibberellin-like compounds (R_f 0.8–1.0), probably produced in the developing seeds, were obtained from seeded Clementine fruits after the time of anthesis. The content of ABA in the fruits was always low in ‘Monreal’ Clementine, whereas in fruits of ‘Fino’ Clementine and of ‘Monreal’ without seeds it increased dramatically after anthesis. It is suggested that the control of fruit set and development in Clementine mandarin is carried out through an equilibrium between auxin-like substances (‘Fino’) or gibberellin-like substances (‘Monreal’) and ABA.