塞内加尔达喀尔地区沙丘土壤中有机添加物的荧光表征及去向

The application of organic amendments on soils poor in organic matter (OM) can improve long-term soil fertility, but may also enhance the mineralization of native soil organic matter. Three organic amendments, compost, sewage sludge and horse manure used by urban market gardeners in Dakar, Senegal were analyzed for their OM maturity. Their fate was evaluated in a 45-d agronomic trial in a sandy Arenosol with lettuce. In each case, water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) and humic-like substances (HLS) were isolated from raw amendments and amended soils, and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. Results highlighted the general more aromatic character of HLS and WEOM fractions extracted from compost compared to the other two amendments. When applied to soils, however, these differences were not clearly observed. The aromaticity and humification degree of the labile fraction (WEOM) increased with depth in the first 30 cm for all amendments. This indicated the high lixiviation rates that fresh OM underwent in the studied sandy soil. Finally, a statistical analysis of the results was able to discriminate between surface and deeper horizons and between amended- and non-amended soil samples. Spectroscopic indices showed indeed strong increase/decrease with depth linked with the mineralization/humification processes that the fresh OM from amendments underwent during the 45 d of the agronomic trial. This study highlights the potential of spectroscopic techniques to study agricultural amendment organic matter fractions and their fate in soils.     

Quantitative aspects of solid-state C-NMR spectra of humic substances from soils of volcanic systems

Cross-Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (CPMAS ¹³C-NMR) represents one of the most powerful tools to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) mainly because of its inherent capacity to provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of carbon distribution. A critical parameter during acquisition of CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra is the contact time required to obtain the cross-polarisation between proton and carbon nuclei. The procedure to evaluate the best contact time for the acquisition of a quantitative CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectrum is to perform Variable Contact Time (VCT) experiments. In this work the structural features of a number of purified humic substances from Italian and Costarican volcanic soils were investigated by CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy after having performed preliminary VCT experiments. The VCT experiments showed that the average contact times vary according to the origin and chemical structure of the humic material. The optimal contact times (OCT) for nine humic samples were between 250 and 800 μs These values were different from the time of 1000 μs that is commonly applied as the best average contact time for humic materials. Moreover, by comparing the NMR data to those obtained by elemental analysis (C/H ratio), it appeared that the efficiency of the cross-polarisation between protons and carbons, and hence the contact time, is affected not only by the number of protons, but also by their distribution over the molecules. The evaluation of errors in quantitative estimation of the different carbons revealed that the use of OCT generally reduced by half the loss of signals occurring when the average contact time of 1000 μs is used in CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra of humic substances.     

长江中游水稻土潜育作用的特点

The gleyization of representative paddy soils in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was characterized, taking oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), the amount of active reducing substances and the forms of iron and manganese as the parameters. The Eh value was linearly related with the logarithm of the amount of active reducing substances, which was contributed by ferrous iron by 83% on an average. The degree of gleyization of different horizons was graded as ungleyed, slightly gleyed, mildly gleyed and gleyed. The Eh of the four grades was > 500, 300-500, 100-300 and < 100 mV, respectively, and the corresponding amount of active reducing substances was < 1, 1-7, 7-30 and > 30 mmol_c kg^-1, respectively. The amount of ferrous iron of the four grades was < 0.5, 0.5-5, 5-25 and > 25 mmol kg^-1, respectively. The extent of gleyization of a soil was classified as upper-gleyed, middle-gleyed and lower-gleyed, depending on whether the depth of the gley horizon was less than 30 cm, 30-60 cm or more than 60 cm.     

Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated byAzotobacter chroococcum

Some recalcitrant organic wastes, which contain a large proportion of lignin or cellulose, are not changed much by composting, and thus the effectiveness of the compost as fertilizer is usua.lly low. In this study, incubation of unripe compost with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms —Trichoderma viride orBacillus spp. — was investigated to increase the degree of humification of the organic matter present, and improve ils quality as a soil amendment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses together with humification indices and electrofocusing patterns were used to monitor the evolution of the humic substances during the incubation process. Plant growth effects exerted by Azotobacter chroococcum on lettuce plants growing on the previously incubated compost were affected by the length of incubation and by changes in the composition of humic substances. Higher organic matter content and better humification seem to be important factors for predictingA. chroococcum hebaviour in the rhizosphere.     

盐胁迫下嫁接黄瓜幼苗有机渗透调节物质含量及膜脂过氧化水平研究

以云南黑籽南瓜为砧木,以津绿4号黄瓜品种为接穗,进行黄瓜嫁接,研究了NaCl胁迫下嫁接黄瓜及自根黄瓜幼苗有机渗透调节物质的含量及膜脂过氧化水平.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下,不同处理游离Pro和可溶性糖含量均有增加,嫁接苗与砧木接近,均明显高于自根苗;各处理的O2-产生速率及MDA含量随NaCl胁迫浓度的增大而上升,但嫁接苗和砧木的增加幅度较小,均低于自根黄瓜苗.结合盐胁迫条件下种子发芽试验,可认为嫁接黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性强于自根黄瓜幼苗.嫁接苗的耐盐性取决于砧木黑籽南瓜.     

植物内生真菌次生代谢产物的多样性及潜在应用价值

近些年来,植物内生真菌由于能够产生丰富多样的具有多种生物活性的次生代谢产物,在自然界中具有重要的生态学作用,受到了全世界的广泛关注并取得了极大进展。本文主要从生物活性角度综述了植物内生真菌次生代谢产物的主要类型,包括植物生长调节(赤霉素等)、杀虫(黑麦草碱)、抑菌(环已烷类等)、抗肿瘤活性物质(紫杉醇等),侧重介绍了一些产活性物质的植物(如红豆杉、长春花、雷公藤、苦皮藤等)内生真菌,并就植物内生真菌次生代谢产物生成的机理"内生共生理论"进行了分析。最后,还对他们在新医药和新农药等药物开发应用中的潜在价值作了探讨。     

光叶石楠组培快速繁殖

以光叶石楠Photinia glabra当年生枝的茎段为材料,进行植物生长调节物质对光叶石楠腋芽诱导、增殖、分化、生长及生根的对比试验.结果表明:MS 0.5 mg·L-1BA 1.0 mg·L-1KT 0.1 mg·L-1NAA为腋芽诱导的最适培养基,腋芽诱导率达93.3%;MS 1.0 mg·L-1BA 0.1 mg·L-1NAA为芽增殖最适培养基.1/2 MS 0.1 mg·L-1IBA和1/2 MS 0.1 mg·L-1NAA为光叶石楠试管苗生根较为合适的培养基,生根率分别为83.3%和93.0%,试管苗移栽成活率达90%以上.表3参5     

Differential response of zucchini varieties to low storage temperature

Several parameters related to cold damage in zucchini have been measured in fruits from different varieties cultivated in the province of Almería (south-eastern Spain). The purpose of this work is to correlate physiological parameters with commercial quality and chilling damage, in order to establish reliable criteria for selecting varieties having better genetic adaptation to low-temperature storage. The results show that, for varieties harvested during February, the variety Natura was the best adapted to storage at 4 °C, as its fruits suffered less from chilling injuries, had a lower weight loss, and the levels of metabolites malonyldialdehyde and H₂O₂ were not as high as in the other varieties. Genetic variation was detected for some of the parameters analysed. The positive correlation among the levels of MDA, H₂O_2, and chilling injury, as well as the negative correlation among catalase and chilling injury, makes these parameters good indicators of chilling damage in our system.     

几种小浆果生物活性物质研究进展

小浆果是果树作物中重要的组成部分,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。各部分器官中均含有大量的生物活性物质,这些生物活性物质具有较强的生理功能,对人体健康具有促进作用。文章综述了越橘、树莓、黑穗醋栗、蓝果忍冬和沙棘等几种小浆果中所含生物活性物质的种类及其生理功能。     

Hepatoprotective activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, captopril and enalapril, against paraquat toxicity

Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that is used in most countries without restriction. The cytotoxic action of paraquat is mediated by reactive radicals that are products of its metabolic reduction in cells. It has already been hypothesized that some angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril and enalapril) could show antioxidant and radical scavenging activity through their structural thiol groups, increasing antioxidant enzymes production or nitric oxide synthesis. In this study the hepatoprotective effect of captopril and enalapril against paraquat induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity was evaluated in isolated rat hepatocyte. Subtoxic concentrations of captopril (0.2 mM) and enalapril (0.2 mM) significantly (p < 0.05) protected the hepatocytes against paraquat (2 mM) induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers including: cell lysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane oxidative damage and cellular proteolysis. Moreover, we showed that non-thiol enalapril acts as well as thiol containing captopril at inhibiting oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers. Finally, our results support the hypothesis that it is the increase in nitric oxide synthesis and not the presence of the thiol group that accounts for the antioxidant activity of ACE inhibitors.