畜禽肉中风味物质检测方法研究进展

肉品风味物质组成及含量的研究对评价肉品质量、鉴别肉品掺假、改进肉制品加工工艺及提高肉制品价值均具有重要意义。目前关于肉品风味物质检测技术众多,包括高效液相色谱、电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用技术、气相色谱-离子迁移谱、气相色谱嗅闻技术,这些技术具有各自的优势。通过对常用的风味物质检测技术的工作原理、应用、优缺点等方面展开阐述,以期对相关研究提供技术参考。     

玉米秸秆水溶性物质对白浆土吸附锌离子的影响

应用平衡吸附法,研究外源玉米秸秆水溶性物质(WSS)对白浆土吸附Zn2+的影响,影响因素主要包括温度(298 K和318 K)、WSS浓度和接触时间(1～1 440 min)。结果表明:(1)不同温度条件影响下,白浆土对Zn2+的吸附热力学曲线主要包括起始的快速升高、中间的吸附平台和继续升高直至平衡3个阶段,经历电性吸附向配位吸附转变,最终促使二者共存。Langmuir方程能较好描述白浆土对Zn2+的吸附特征,升高温度有利于提高白浆土对Zn2+的最大缓冲容量,另外,白浆土对Zn2+的吸附是非自发、吸热且混乱度增加的过程。(2)玉米秸秆WSS的加入可有效抑制白浆土对Zn2+的吸附固定,减少两者的亲和力,降低白浆土对Zn2+的吸附强度,增大Zn2+在土壤溶液中的移动,有利于提高其植物有效性。(3)随玉米秸秆WSS浓度的增大,白浆土对Zn2+的吸附强度逐渐降低,可采用线性方程较好描述。(4)白浆土对Zn2+的动力学吸附主要包括短期快速吸附和长期慢速吸附两个阶段,第一阶段两个处理的吸附率分别达79.51%和96.80%。玉米秸秆WSS的加入可有效提高短期快速吸附阶段白浆土对Zn2+的吸附率,但同时WSS的加入却减少了白浆土对Zn2+的吸附固定。Elovich和双常数方程描述白浆土对Zn2+的吸附有较为明显的优势,WSS的添加扰乱了白浆土对Zn2+的动力学吸附过程。     

Application of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Assessment of Soil Quality in a Long‐Term Pasture

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to assess the ability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyze chemical soil properties and to evaluate the effects of different phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization rates on soil quality in different layers of a long‐term pasture. The NIRS calibrations were developed for humus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (N_Kjeldahl), and several humic substances (HA1, “mobile” humic acids fraction; ΣHA, sum of humic acids; FA1, “mobile” fulvic acids; ΣFA, sum of fulvic acids, etc.) using soil samples of rather heterogeneous origin, collected during 1999–2003. Different spectral preprocessing and the modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression method were explored to enhance the relation between the spectra and measured soil properties. The equations were employed for the quality prediction of a sod gleyic light loam (Cambisol) in five PK fertilization treatments. The soil was sampled in 2000 and 2003 in three field replicates at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–50 cm, n=60 samples yr^?1. The best coefficients of correlation, R², between the reference and NIRS‐predicted data were as follows: for N_Kjeldahl, 0.965; humus, 0.938; HA1, 0.903; HA2, 0.905; HA3, 0.924; ΣHA, 0.904; and FA1, 0.911; and ΣFA, 0.885. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to use NIRS for the assessment of the effects of the inorganic PK fertilizer on the soil quality in different depths of a long‐term pasture.     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks under Tropical Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in Northeastern Brazil

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential ecosystem component whose dynamics are affected by soil management practices. To evaluate the impact of two agricultural systems (organic and conventional) on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in a sandy soil, samples were collected from the Amway Nutrilite Brazil farm and from the Central Pivot Horticultural Farmers Association farm, both situated in the Chapada da Ibiapaba region, Ceará State, Brazil. The first area has a large‐scale Caribbean Cherry fruit production system under organic management, whereas the second represented a conventional soil cultivation condition, characterized by the use of chisel plow and disc plow, mineral fertilization, and herbicides application. Plots with and without green manure fertilization were compared in the organically cultivated systems by using soil samples collected in the rows and between the rows. Areas under native forest were also sampled to determine the steady‐state condition. Total organic C and N contents in the soil (SOC, TN) and in the humic substances were determined at the 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 50‐cm soil layers. In addition, oxidizible organic C fractions were measured to calculate the carbon management index (CMI). In general, total SOC levels were low, ranging from 2.5 to 12.6 g kg^?1 in the whole soil profile among the organic systems. In the upper soil layer, SOC and TN stocks were greater in the rows in response to organic fertilization. The conventional system presented lower variation on the SOC contents throughout soil layers when compared to the native forest area, indicating the direct effect of plowing on the downward SOC distribution. The CMI data confirmed the reestablishment of SOM levels in the rows of the organic managed systems in relation to the reference area, whereas the reduction of the CMI in the conventional system suggests a decline in the soil quality and greater potential for increased C losses to the atmosphere.     

Integrative Soil Application of Humic Acid and Sulfur Improves Saline Calcareous Soil Properties and Barley Plant Performance

ABSTRACT

During the 2017 and 2018 seasons, two field experiments were conducted on newly reclaimed saline calcareous soil (7.13 dS m^?1, 16.9% CaCO₃) in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Demo, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The current work aimed at identifying the potential positive effects of applied humic acid (HA) and elemental sulfur (S) on some soil properties and barley plant performance. The results showed that the application of HA and/or S at different rates ameliorated the adverse effects of saline calcareous soil conditions and significantly reduced some chemical properties of the soil (e.g., pH, ECe, and CaCO₃%), while soil organic matter (OM%) and some nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) contents were significantly increased. In addition, the contents of nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in barley plant and yielded grain, grain content of N and protein (%), and the performance (e.g., plant height, spike length, grain and straw yields, and weight of 1000-grain) of barley plant were significantly increased with the application of HA and/or S. The best results were obtained through the integrative application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 to the tested saline calcareous soil. Therefore, the integrative soil application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 can be recommended for the cultivation and sustainability of crop production in saline calcareous soil, in addition to rationalize the use of mineral fertilizers, which represent a surplus point for the sustainable agriculture system.     

真菌及混合菌对玉米秸秆类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

针对3类真菌（木霉、黑曲霉和青霉）及混合菌在液体培养条件下对玉米秸秆类腐殖质形成和转化的影响,重点研究接种后秸秆类腐殖质组成的变化情况,以期为秸秆的生物降解、转化与土壤有机质的形成、更新提供理论参考和依据。结果表明：（1）接种可迅速减少代谢液和增加菌体-秸秆残留物的含碳量,随菌体繁殖,代谢液中含碳量持续降低,随后,降解作用促使小分子进入代谢液使其碳量增加,后期呼吸作用显著,代谢液碳量再度降低。此外,残留物可被黑曲霉和混合菌有效降解,木霉和青霉在培养初期的较强繁殖能力使残留物中碳量先增加,后又被降解。（2）培养初期,木霉、青霉和混合菌对残留物中有机碳组分的降解使小分子物质进入WSS（水溶性物质）,随后菌体的繁殖迫使WSS再度降低,而黑曲霉则以利用WSS合成其自身组分为主。（3）起初,FLA（类富里酸）的形成速度大于HLA（类胡敏酸）,而后FLA逐渐向HLA转化,木霉处理HLA在类腐植酸中所占比例最大。（4）培养过程中,FLA分子向简单化方向发展,而HLA分子先简单,而后渐变复杂。HLA单位碳芳香环的缩合程度随培养进行先逐渐降低而后增大,总趋势为增大,木霉处理HLA的复杂程度最高。（5）残留物HLu（类胡敏素）的碳含量在整个培养过程中先增高后降低,最终均有＂净损失＂,损失最大的为木霉处理。     

开花期喷施外源激素对小豆农艺性状及产量的影响

为探究不同浓度的外源物质脱落酸(ABA)对小豆农艺性状及产量的影响,以2个小豆品种‘白红8号’和‘012-27’为试验材料,大田花期叶面喷施后,在不同生育期测量植株主茎长度、主茎粗度、叶片鲜重、根系鲜重及产量性状等。结果表明：花期施用浓度为100 mg/L和200 mg/L的ABA能显著降低‘白红8号’和‘012-27’的主茎长度。2个品种不同浓度处理与CK相比茎粗均显著增加。‘白红8号’和‘012-27’在处理A100中开花期叶片鲜重分别比CK增加了33.54%、23.81%。2个小豆品种A100处理的单株粒数与CK相比分别增加了12.80%、20.13%。综上所述,喷施脱落酸能降低小豆植株的主茎长度,显著增加主茎粗度、叶片鲜重、根系鲜重及小豆单株粒数,小豆花期喷施浓度为100 mg/L的ABA可在一定程度上提高产量。     

Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers

The aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.     

ICP-OES及ICP-MS法高效快速测定马奶样品中矿物质元素含量

[目的]建立全自动石墨消解—电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析方法对马奶中的常量及痕量矿物质元素进行测定。[方法]采用全自动石墨消解仪对样品进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法对马奶中钾、钠、钙、磷4种常量元素进行测定,利用重量法配制标准溶液,以铑元素作为内标,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对马奶中铝、砷、硼、钡、铍、镉、钴、铬、铜、铁、锂、镁、锰、镍、铅、锑、锡、锶、钛、铊、钒、锌、硒共23种元素进行测定。利用生物成分分析标准物质对结果进行质量控制。[结果]常量元素在0~20 μg/mL、痕量元素在0~200 ng/mL 具有良好的线性关系,标准曲线相关系数均可达到0.999以上,ICP-MS法各元素检出限在0.001 10~1.578 ng/mL,ICP-OES法各元素检出限在0.010 0~0.068 8 μg/mL;多次对生物成分分析标准物质中矿物质元素含量测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于11%(n=6),且测定结果与标准值相符。[结论]该方法线性相关性、检出限、准确度等方面能够满足准确、高效测定马奶中矿物质元素含量的要求。     

有机残体（苜蓿）腐解过程中腐解物能态的研究

将粉碎的苜蓿样装砂滤管埋入不同施肥处理的长期定位试验地，分期取出腐解物样品，并将其进行组分分离，测定燃烧热值，以探讨苜蓿样腐解过程中的能态变化特点及各组分对腐解过程中腐解物总热值的影响，结果表明：苜蓿样腐解过程中腐解物的能态变化可分为波动起伏（第１～７月）、急剧下降（第８，９月）和趋于平稳（第９月以后）３个阶段；纤维素、半纤维素及木质素类物质是影响腐解物热值的主要因素；腐解前期腐解物的能态与土壤肥力呈反相关。