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61.
长期地膜覆盖与施肥条件下土壤中磷素的变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用对比法对沈阳农业大学长期(1987~2005)地膜覆盖定位试验地棕壤中磷素的变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,经过19年的长期耕作,施有机肥或磷肥均能显著增加土壤中全磷、有机磷和速效磷的含量,但都不如有机无机肥配施;覆膜后除N4P2处理外,其余处理土壤全磷含量均大于裸地,覆膜后有机磷含量与裸地相比变化不大。地膜覆盖明显减少了速效磷的含量,增加了磷的移出量。同时表明增施有机肥是恢复和提高覆膜后土壤磷素肥力的较好措施。 相似文献
62.
在温室番茄常规施肥基础上设置中港美盛有机水溶肥料喷肥3次、喷施同等量清水、空白共3个处理、3次重复试验后得出:在常规施肥的基础上,番茄结果期喷施中港美盛有机水溶肥料每亩每次100 mL稀释500倍液3次,能有效促进植株生长,处理1每667 m2每月较处理2、处理3分别增产624.3 kg、1 090 kg,增产22.01%和46.0%,且喷肥处理较常规施肥红果率增加12.96个百分点,成熟期提前2~3 d,增产增收效果显著。适宜在日光温室经济作物上大面积推广应用。 相似文献
63.
不同有机酸对大豆生长的化感效应 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
试验采用发芽试验、水培试验及室内分析相结合的方法研究了经GC-MS检测出的大豆根系分泌物和根茬腐解液中的几种有机酸对大豆种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的化感效应。结果表明:3-硝基邻苯二甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸、3,4-二氯苯甲酸、肉桂酸等四种有机酸均抑制了大豆种子的萌发,表现在萌发率、胚根长和 胚根干重与对照相比均有所降低,差异达显著或极显著水平,而且有机酸浓度不同,抑制程度也有所差别;3-硝基邻苯二甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸、3,4-二氯苯甲酸、肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸等五种有机酸不同程度地抑制了水培大豆幼苗的生长发育,表现在株高、干物质重、相对生长速率等均低于对照,差异达显著或极显著水平,且随着有机酸浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。 相似文献
64.
土地利用变化对土壤碳库的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
不同土地利用模式下,土壤中碳库差异很大,通过研究农田、森林、草地土壤碳库的变化,为合理利用土地,改善土壤中碳库储量提供依据。 相似文献
65.
DEM栅格分辨率对多元线性土壤—景观模型及其制图应用的影响 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
以亚热带丘陵地区为对象,以该区4 km×3 km的5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m、25 m、30 m数字高程模型(DEM)为基础,建立多元线性土壤景观模型,并应用该模型预测研究区内土壤表层有机质含量分布,进而比较不同分辨率DEM中土壤景观模型及其预测制图的精度。结果表明:在本研究区11 km2范围内,随着DEM栅格分辨率降低,坡度、曲率、比汇水面积(对数)频度均表现出了向其中值区集中的趋势;地形因子的这一变化规律对土壤景观模型的影响较小,例如模型的变量、变量系数及R2在不同分辨率DEM中的差异很小;但地形因子的这一变化规律对模型预测制图的精度具有较大影响,各项指标均说明,模型在10~25 m DEM中的制图精度较高,而在更高分辨率(5 m)或更低分辨率(30 m)DEM中较低。本研究结果对其他亚热带丘陵地区具有一定的指示意义。 相似文献
66.
67.
Ji-Zheng He Yong Zheng Cheng-Rong Chen Yuan-Qiu He Li-Mei Zhang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2008,8(5):349-358
Background, aim, and scope Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability,
it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the
cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the
soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure,
Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of
this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer
regimes in a Chinese upland red soil.
Materials and methods Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China.
The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria
and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution
plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain
reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing.
Results The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity
ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition
and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest
CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative
bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition
and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization
treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent
approaches.
Discussion It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that
culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs
appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating
that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also
observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the
soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial
communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and
potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches
is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities.
Conclusions Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced
the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact
on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment.
The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted
in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches.
Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland
red soil.
Recommendations and perspectives Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular
methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms,
both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity. 相似文献
68.
随着生产的快速发展,养蟹业出现了小规格蟹种性早熟和池塘养蟹商品规格小的问题.池塘高密度、集约化的养蟹方式,养成的商品规格更小;大量的人工配合饲料的投入,导致池塘水质恶化,病害频发,药物的滥用造成河蟹品质下降,产品的市场竞争力减弱,经济效益下滑.2005年和2006年以人工集约化池塘饲养作为对比研究,利用湖泊开展生态、优质、高效河蟹养殖,提高成蟹的规格、质量和养殖效益.研究结果显示,湖泊生态养殖对蟹前期生长及后期增重较为有利.2005年和2006年养殖结果统计,湖泊养殖商品蟹的平均规格比池塘人工饲养的平均规格大17%和43%,湖泊的投入产出比是池塘的1.9和3.0倍,且湖泊生态养殖蟹的品质较优,对比试验效果显著. 相似文献
69.
Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) produces both valuable lumber and a nut crop. Because of this, it is an important tree for agroforestry plantings in
the Midwest USA. However, during processing of the nut crop, the outer tissue of the nut (husks) accumulates in great quantities.
Applying this material to pastures is a possible method of disposal. However, black walnut has been implicated in allelopathic
interactions with numerous plant species and may inhibit the growth of pasture species. Greenhouse and field studies and a
chemical analysis of the husks were conducted to determine the effects of applying walnut husks to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) pastures. Applying husks at rates up to 68 Mg ha−1 to pot-grown orchardgrass resulted in root and shoot yields that were greater than in pots receiving no husks. Field studies
indicated that orchardgrass and red clover benefited from the application of husks. For orchardgrass, significant increases
in growth occurred when husks were applied at a rate of 34 Mg ha−1 while red clover responded to rates up to 68 Mg ha−1. A chemical analysis of husks indicated that significant quantities of N and K were present in walnut husks. A whole effluent
toxicity test (WETT) indicates that runoff from walnut husk-treated pastures, at the rates used in this study, would not adversely
affect aquatic organisms. 相似文献
70.
Doychin Terziyski George Grozev Roumen Kalchev Angelina Stoeva 《Aquaculture International》2007,15(3-4):181-190
The effect of cattle organic fertilizer on plankton primary production and related variables was tested in six Bulgarian fish
ponds situated close to the town of Plovdiv in Bulgaria. At the beginning of the experiment (16th of May 2004, about 10 days
after filling with water) a suppression of plankton metabolism was observed and after that the ponds treated with manure demonstrated
significantly higher productivity than the controls, especially during the transition to the autumn season when the water
column was more regularly mixed. The other measured variables (Secchi disk readings, plankton chlorophyll-a and respiration, assimilation number per unit chlorophyll-a) did not show significant differences between the treated and control ponds. 相似文献