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991.
992.
Abstract. Many former estimates of regional scale C sequestration potential have made use of linear regressions based on long-term experimental data, whilst some have used dynamic soil organic matter (SOM) models linked to spatial databases. Few studies have compared the two methods. We present a case study in which the potential of different land management practices to sequester carbon in soil in arable land is estimated by different methods. Two dynamic SOM models were chosen for this study, RothC (a soil process model) and CENTURY (a whole ecosystem model with a SOM module). RothC and CENTURY are the two most widely used and validated SOM models worldwide. A Geographic Information System (GIS) containing soil, land use and climate layers, was assembled for a case study in central Hungary. GIS interfaces were developed for the RothC and CENTURY models, thus linking them to the spatial datasets at the regional level. This allowed a comparison of estimates of the C sequestration potential of different land management practices obtained using the two models and using regression based approaches. Although estimates obtained by the different approaches were of the same order of magnitude, differences were observed. Some of the land management scenarios studied here showed sufficient C mitigation potential to meet Hungarian CO2 reduction commitments. For example, afforestation of 12% current arable land could sequester 0.042–0.092 Tg yr–1 in the soil alone, or 0.285–0.588 Tg C yr–1 in both soil and biomass; 1990 level CO2 emissions for the study area were 4.7 Tg C with a corresponding reduction commitment of 0.282 Tg C. It is not, however, suggested that this is the only, or the most favourable way, in which to meet the commitments. 相似文献
993.
994.
995.
The concentration of cellulose in plant material greatly affects the decomposition rate of plant-derived litter and hence carbon availability. The disappearance of pure cellulose in soil was studied as a measure of plant decomposition and carbon turnover. Our objective was to understand the effect of various cellulose concentrations and plant material added to soil and collected during different seasons, on cellulase concentrations under laboratory conditions (e.g. constant soil moisture and incubation temperature). The percentage of recovery of the enzyme in the control soil and in samples amended with known amounts of cellulose powder was estimated. Several methods for estimating soil cellulase concentrations/activity are available, most based on the determination of released reducing sugars. The method used in this study is based on the cleavage of a cellulose-azure substrate by cellulase to spectrophotometrically detectable fragments. Our results showed a significant correlation (p<0.05) between cellulose concentration and cellulase levels in soil, which varied along the study period. When pure cellulose was added to the soil, cellulase was detected after 7 days of incubation, whereas when plant material was added to the soil, cellulase was detected after 14 days. The recovery of cellulase from soil was also found to be seasonally dependent. The method of cellulase determination used in this study was simple, safe and rapid. From the results presented in this study, it can be assumed that there are seasonally dependent factors that affect the existence and concentration of cellulase in soils of the arid Negev Desert, in addition to organic matter, water and temperature. 相似文献
996.
High-yield (HY) areas of an agricultural cropland were characterized by different positions on a slope and lower silt and clay contents, compared to low-yield (LY) areas, and this was associated with differences in water regime and C and N turnover. To understand differences in N flows of HY and LY areas, a combination of 15N tracer techniques and physical fractionation procedures was applied. Within 570 d after application of 15N labelled mustard litter to an agricultural cropland, the distribution of 15N was measured in particulate organic matter (POM) fractions and in fine mineral fractions (fine silt- and clay-sized fractions). After 570 d, only 2.5% of the initial 15N amount was found in POM fractions, with higher amounts in POM occluded in aggregates than in free POM. After this period, stabilization of the initial 15N in fine silt- and clay-sized fractions amounts to 10% in HY, but 20% in LY soils. 70% to 85% of the added 15N were lost. Initial decomposition of labelled material was faster in HY than in LY areas during the first year, but the remaining 15N amounts in POM fractions of the different areas were similar after 570 d. 15N amounts and concentrations in mineral-associated fractions increased within 160 d after application. From 160 to 570 d, HY and LY areas showed different 15N dynamics, resulting in a decline of 15N amounts in HY, but constant 15N amounts in LY soils. The results indicate faster decomposition processes in HY than in LY areas, due to different soil conditions, such as soil texture and water regime. The higher silt and clay contents of LY areas seem to promote N stabilization in fine mineral fractions. As a whole, N flows were higher in HY compared to LY areas, thus supporting higher yields and accelerated organic matter degradation due to higher N supply. 相似文献
997.
The high Andes region of south Ecuador is characterised by intense land use changes. These changes affect particularly the páramo, which is a collection of high altitudinal grassland ecosystems. In this region, the interaction between airborne volcanic ashes and the cold and wet climate results in very typical soils, with an elevated organic C contents. The physical soil properties are closely related to the high and reliable base flow in rivers descending from the páramo, which makes them important for the socio-economic development of the region. In this study, we analyse the regional variability of the soils in the south Ecuadorian rio Paute basin. In a first part of the study, data from soil profiles along north–south transects are used to determine the soil properties, and to relate the spatial variability of these properties to the major trends in parent material, volcanic ash deposits and climate. The profiles are Histic Andosols and Dystric Histosols devoid of allophane, with very high amounts of organic matter. Significant differences between the western and central mountain range are observed, as well as a general decrease in Andic properties from north to south, coinciding with the decrease in volcanic influence. Finally, the impact of human activities on the soil properties is assessed in a case study in the Machangara valley. Data from 5 profiles, located in an area with natural grass vegetation and a low degree of human impact are compared with 4 profiles in a heavily disturbed, intensively drained cultivated area. Despite the intensity of the land use, very few significant differences are found. 相似文献
998.
Organic resources and earthworms affect phosphorus availability to sorghum after phosphate rock addition in semi-arid West Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elisée Ouédraogo Lijbert Brussaard Abdoulaye Mando Leo Stroosnijder 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2005,41(6):458-465
A field experiment was laid out in Burkina Faso (West Africa) on an Eutric Cambisol to investigate the interaction of organic resource quality and phosphate rock on crop yield and to assess the contribution of earthworms (Millsonia inermis Michaelsen) to P availability after phosphate rock application. Organic resources of different quality were applied at a dose equivalent to 40 kg N ha–1 with or without phosphate rock from Kodjari (Burkina Faso) at a dose equivalent to 25 kg P ha–1, and were compared with control and single phosphate rock treatments in a factorial complete block design with four replicates. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) variety SARIASSO 14 was grown. Sheep dung had the highest impact on earthworm casting intensity followed by maize straw. Combining organic resources with phosphate rock reduced earthworm casting activities compared to a single application of organic resources or phosphate rock. Addition of phosphate rock to maize straw reduced P availability in earthworm casts whereas combining sheep dung or compost with phosphate rock increased P availability. The contribution of earthworms to Kodjari phosphate rock solubilisation mainly occurred through their casts, as the available P content of casts was 4 times higher than that of the surrounding soil. 相似文献
999.
Sandra B. Durman Ana B. Menendez Alicia M. Godeas 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(12):2180-2184
This study was aimed at detecting mycelial compatibility groups and variations in oxalic acid production in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. For this purpose, 121 isolates of this plant pathogen recovered from lettuce, soybean and sunflower field crops, and grouped in 46 MCGs were tested for their ability to release oxalic acid and other organic acids to the medium. Oxalic acid production on liquid media was measured spectrophotometrically and release of organic acids was estimated by isolate abilities to discolour solid media amended with bromophenol blue. There were significant differences among MCGs in both oxalic acid and organic acids releasing, ranging the mean production of oxalic acid between 18 and 110 μg oxalic acid mg−1 dry wt. When isolates were grouped by their hosts, those obtained from soybean presented the highest release of oxalic acid (71 μg oxalic acid mg−1 dry wt), while those from sunflower showed the highest release of other acids to the medium. Solid medium discoloration was not correlated with oxalic acid concentration in liquid medium (Spearman R=−0.085; P=0.126). 相似文献
1000.
Physical protection is one of the most important ways for stabilization of organic carbon (OC) in soils, and in order to properly manage soils as a sink for carbon, it is necessary to know how much OC a given soil could protect. To this end, we studied individual horizons taken from 16 soil profiles under Quercus rotundifolia stands, all over calcareous parent materials. Horizons were subjected to a sequential extraction using solutions of sodium polytungstate (NaPT) of increasing density: (i) NaPT d=1.6, using slight hand agitation, to obtain the free light fraction (FL); (ii) NaPT d=1.6 and ultrasonic dispersion, to obtain the Occluded Fraction I (Ocl I); (iii) NaPT d=1.8, to obtain the Occluded Fraction II (Ocl II); and (iv) NaPT d=2.0, to obtain the Occluded Fraction III (Ocl III). The fraction of density>2.0 are taken as dense fraction (DF). The free organic matter was further divided into FL>50 (retained by a 50 μm mesh: coarse organic fragments) and FL<50 (non-retained: fine organic fragments). The fractions FL>50 and FL<50 were taken together as free organic matter. The rest of the fractions are taken together as protected organic matter. The obtained fractions were analyzed for total OC, total N, and carbohydrate content. The percentage of non-hydrolyzable OC and N in each fraction was taken as an indicator of OC and N recalcitrance, respectively.For both OC and N, the fractions FL>50 and DF are dominant; the rest of the fractions are of much lower quantitative importance. In H horizons and in most A horizons, most of the OC and N are free, whereas in B horizons both OC and N are mostly protected. Overall, the percentages of free OC and N are very high and are currently amongst the highest ever recorded.Organic matter recalcitrance is lowest in the two most protected fractions (Ocl III and especially DF), and highest in the first occluded fractions (Ocl II and especially Ocl I). The free organic matter (FL>50 fraction) has an intermediate quality: it includes recognizable plant fragments, but the indicators tested (recalcitrance, carbohydrate content, cellulose to total carbohydrates ratio) suggest that it is not always the most fresh and non-decomposed fraction.There are clear maxima for both protected OC and N, which can be approached by curve fitting. By exponential fit, the obtained maxima are 84.1 g of OC and 7.7 g of N kg−1 of mineral particles <20 μm. These maxima are much higher than the upper limits obtained by other authors. Differences in the sampling approach are suggested as the reason for such discrepancies. 相似文献