饲用燕麦品种在宁夏雨养区的适应性评价

为筛选出适合宁夏雨养区种植的优质高产燕麦(Avena sativa)品种,于2021年在宁夏原州区彭堡镇姚磨村采用随机区组试验对10个燕麦品种进行适应性评价,利用主成分分析方法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对其农艺性状、产量及营养成分等指标进行了综合评价。结果表明,10个燕麦品种均能完成生育期,其中‘禾王’的株高、叶茎比、分蘖数和干草产量均达到最高,分别为116.98 cm,0.47,2.74个·株^-1和8 100.25 kg·hm^-2;‘禾王’、‘喜韵’和‘摄政王’的粗蛋白含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),其中‘禾王’粗蛋白含量最高,达11.29%;‘禾王’相对饲喂价值为117.21,与‘克劳沃’和‘挑战者’无显著差异,但显著高于其他燕麦品种(P<0.05)。通过对供试燕麦进行抗蚜评价,发现中抗品种为‘摄政王’和‘进口甜燕’,低抗品种是‘甜燕70’、‘喜韵’、‘甜燕1号’和‘固原当地燕麦’,低感品种是‘莫妮卡’、‘克劳沃’和‘挑战者’,中感品种是‘禾王’。经主成分(PCA)综合分析得出,‘禾王’、‘喜韵’和‘摄政王’较其他燕麦品种更适宜在宁夏雨养区推广种植。     

西藏拉萨地区燕麦高产优化栽培技术研究(英文)

[目的]找出影响西藏拉萨地区燕麦产量的各因素及其最佳取值水平。[方法]通过正交试验对西藏燕麦栽培技术进行研究分析。[结果]研究表明,青引2号、白燕8号为适宜品种,最佳播种密度在150~180 kg/hm2;氮肥是影响燕麦籽粒产量的显著因子,品种和氮肥是影响生育期的显著因子,各因子均对干草产量无显著影响。[结论]该研究为生产上大面积推广种植提供理论依据和技术支持。     

柴达木盆地重度盐碱地燕麦引种适应性评价

在青海省海西州德令哈市尕海镇重度盐碱地上对青海省常用的10个燕麦品种进行了引种栽培试验。结果表明:10个燕麦品种均能完成生育期,生育天数在94～115d之间;盖度白燕7号最高,为91.7%,青莜3号最低,为70.0%;植株高度加燕2号最高,为88.8cm,最低的是青莜3号,为79.8cm;地上植物量白燕7号最高,为870.8g/m^2,最低的是青莜3号,为547.5g/m^2;种子产量白燕7号最高,为281.6g/m^2,青燕1号最低,为204.5g/m^2;总体来看,青海省常用的10个燕麦品种在柴达木盆地重度盐碱地上虽然生长受到了明显的抑制,但生产性能总体相对较好,表现出了较强的耐盐碱性,因此,可作为柴达木盆地重度盐碱地改良与重建的"先锋草种"。     

不同播期生态条件下燕麦叶片细胞形态的观察

用细胞离析法对春播和秋播燕麦各叶位叶片细胞形态的观察表明,春播时随叶位提高,具有多环的叶肉细胞比例增加,叶肉细胞变小,表皮气孔密度增加。而秋播有与春播相反的趋势,即随叶位提高,多环的叶肉细胞所占比例变化不大或略有下降,叶肉细胞变大,气孔密度降低。随秋播播期推迟,相同叶位叶片细胞的变化趋势,与秋播时随叶位提高的     

Effect of extrusion process variables on physical and chemical properties of extruded oat products

The purpose of this research was tostudy the effects of initial moisture levels andextrusion temperatures on bulk density, waterabsorption and water solubility indexes, viscosity,and color of extruded oat products. The dehulledgrains were ground in a Brabender Quadrumat Seniormill and the coarse fraction, with higher amounts ofcrude protein, lipids, and dietary fiber content, wereconditioned to moisture levels of 15.5–25.5% andextruded in a Brabender single-screw laboratoryextruder. The water absorption index of extrudateswere relatively low (4.16–6.35 g gel/g sample) butincreased as the initial moisture of the raw materialas well as the extrusion temperature was elevated.The water solubility index was inversely proportionalto the extrusion temperature. Initial viscosity of thepaste increased with the increase of raw materialmoisture and extrusion temperature, while the maximumviscosity (at a constant temperature) diminished withthe increase of temperature. Products with lowervalues of L* (luminosity) and greater values ofa* (red) and b* (yellow) were obtained athigh moisture rates and at a 120 ^°C extrusiontemperature.     

Lipid removal enhances separation of oat grain cell wall material from starch and protein

Effects of lipid removal on the fine milling and air classification processing of oats were studied. Lipid removal by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction enabled concentration of the main components of oats - starch, protein, lipids and cell walls - into specific fractions. Using defatted oats as raw material, the highest β-glucan concentration of the cell wall-enriched fraction was 33.9% as compared to 17.1% without lipid removal. This was probably due to more efficient milling yielding smaller particles, and release of starchy material from cellular structures during milling of defatted oats, resulting in better classification. The removal of lipids also enabled separation of an oat protein concentrate with a protein concentration of 73.0% and a mass yield of 5.0%. A trial with 2310 kg of oat groats showed that the process based on defatting and dry fractionation was also industrially applicable.     

西北半干旱区引种燕麦品种产量与品质的关联分析及评价

为了明确不同引种燕麦品种资源的生产特性和利用潜力,应用相关和灰色关联度对22个燕麦品种的主要农艺性状和营养品质进行了关联分析和综合评价。结果表明：不同燕麦品种对同一生态环境的适应性差异较大,营养品质与农艺性状间存在显著的（P<0.05）的相关性。生育期与籽粒产量的关联度最大（0.8350）,所占权重最高（0.1146）,分蘖数与籽粒产量的关联度最低（0.6042）,所占权重最小（0.0829）,11个性状的权重大小顺序为：生育期 > 株高 > 籽粒产量 > 粗蛋白 > 淀粉 > 小穗数 > 千粒重 > 粗脂肪 > 穗粒重 > 穗粒数 > 分蘖数。通过加权关联度最优评价得出综合性状优良的皮燕麦为‘定燕2号’、‘冀张燕4号’、‘坝燕4号’,‘白燕14号’与‘冀张燕5号’加权关联度最小,裸燕麦中‘远杂2号’、‘白燕15号’和‘燕科2号’的加权关联度较大,表现突出。结果可为甘肃中部乃至西北黄土高原半干旱地区燕麦种质创新和引种推广提供科学依据。     

Molecular weight distribution and content of water-extractable β-glucan in rye crisp bread

Rye crisp doughs and breads were made from three rye flours with different falling numbers (i.e. different enzyme activity), with or without oat bran rich in β-glucan (OBG) added, and with different fermentation times. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of endogenous enzymes in the flour on molecular weight and content of water-extractable β-glucan in the doughs and breads. The molecular weight distribution of β-glucan was unimodal for the flours, with a calcofluor average molecular weight of about 90×10⁴ g/mol for the rye flours, and 150×10⁴ g/mol for rye flours with added OBG. The molecular weight decreased with increasing fermentation time for all doughs, but was almost unchanged during oven-baking. The calcofluor average molecular weight was highest in doughs and breads made of flour with highest falling number (i.e. lowest enzyme activity), indicating that the endogenous enzymes in the flour were responsible for the breakdown of β-glucan. During fermentation, water-extractable β-glucan was released from the insoluble matrix, probably by the endogenous enzymes in the flour. When the molecular weight of the water-extractable β-glucan decreased, they probably associated with each other or with other components in the dough to form unextractable complexes. The content of water-extractable β-glucan did not change during oven-baking.     

减氮配施有机肥对‘青海甜燕麦’光合特性和产量的影响

为探究减氮配施有机肥对燕麦光合特性和产量的影响,本研究以‘青海甜燕麦’(Avena sativa‘Qinghai’)为试验材料,设不施氮(CK)、常规施肥施氮(T1)、75%氮肥+有机肥(T2)、50%氮肥+有机肥(T3)、75%氮肥(基肥∶拔节肥=3∶7)+有机肥(T4)和50%氮肥(基肥∶拔节肥=3∶7)+有机肥(T5)6个处理并测定了燕麦的的生长发育、光合生理和营养品质指标。结果表明：75%氮肥配施有机肥分期施用能获得较高的秸秆产量和种子产量,比常规施氮水平分别提高10.16%和5.54%;在抽穗、开花和乳熟期75%氮肥配施有机肥分期施用对‘青海甜燕麦’的生长发育、光合生理指标、营养品质起到改善作用;相关性表明种子产量与千粒重、单株小穗数、单株穗粒数和穗长呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001),相关性系数分别达0.69,0.75,0.85和0.93。综上,给燕麦按比例分期施用75%氮肥配施有机肥在青海省湟中地区效果最佳。     

高寒牧区燕麦分期播种的试验研究

1988—1989年在铁卜加地区进行燕麦分期播种试验,根据两年22个播期的试验得到,燕麦各个播期的平均气温与出苗天数呈极显著的相关关系,1988年为 Y=81.22-9.51X,1989年为 Y=18.2287e~(1.0826/x);播种至成熟平均气温和天数的关系两年为 Y=273.668-16.373x。出苗的起点温度为0—4℃,开花和成熟均为10℃。1988年产草量、产籽量最高的是5月中旬播种的,1989年是4月下旬播种的。高寒牧区燕麦播种期以4月下旬到5月上旬为宜。