光照和生长阶段对菖蒲根系泌氧的影响

以自然湖泊沉积物为研究基质,利用微型电机控制溶氧微电极实现纵向精确微位移,在照光与遮光条件下,对典型湿地植物菖蒲幼苗、成株根系根基部起总根长1/4处(根1/4)、根系中部(根1/2)、从根基部起总根长3/4处(根3/4)及根尖(根1)处根系微界面径向溶氧浓度变化进行原位精确测定.结果表明:无论有无光照,菖蒲幼苗、成株根系不同部位均存在从根表面至沉积物氧饱和度由高到低的氧扩散层,其厚度0.18-0.68 mm;根1/2、3/4、1处氧扩散能力菖蒲成株较幼苗显著增强(P＜0.01),根1/4处二者则无显著差异(P＞0.05);光照对菖蒲幼苗、成株根系不同部位氧扩散能力的影响存在差异,光照对菖蒲幼苗根1/2及菖蒲成株根1/2、根3/4处影响显著(照光组显著高于遮光组,P＜0.01),而对菖蒲幼苗根1/4、根3/4、根1及菖蒲成株根1/4、根1处无显著影响(P＞0.05);从根系泌氧空间差异上看,照光条件下菖蒲幼苗、成株分别表现为根1/2＞根3/4≈根1≈根1/4 (P＜0.01,P＞0.05)和根1/2＞根3/4＞根1＞根1/4( P＜0.01),遮光条件下菖蒲幼苗、成株分别表现为根1/2≈根3/4≈根1≈根1/4( P＞0.05)和根1/2＞根3/4≈根1＞根1/4( P＜0.01,P＞0.05).     

Soil Potassium‐Release Characteristics and the Correlation of its Parameters with Garlic Plant Indices

Abstract

Potassium (K)‐release characteristics (PRC) of soil play a significant role in supplying available K. Information about PRC in the Hamadan soils is limited. The objective of this research was to study the PRC in nine soils from the Hamadan province by successive extraction with 0.01 M CaCl₂ over a period of 2000 h. The correlation of kinetic equation rate constants with soil properties and garlic indices was also studied. The release of K was initially rapid. More than 60% of the total K released during the first 168 h. The amount of K released after 168 h varied among soils and ranged from 292.8 to 736.8 mg kg^?1. The amount of K released after 2000 h was significantly correlated with K extracted by 1 M HNO₃, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.1 M BaCl₂, whereas it was not significantly correlated with other soil properties. Potassium‐release characteristics were evaluated using five kinetic equations. Statistical analysis showed that the Elovich equation described the K‐release kinetics. A plot of other equations shows a discontinuity in slope at 168 h. Thus, two equations were applied to segments of the total reaction time (2 to 168 and 168 to 2000 h). The release‐rate constants (slope) in segment 1 are higher than in segment 2. The release‐rate constant of the Elovich equation and the zero‐order equation in two segments were significantly correlated with 1 M HNO₃, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.1 M BaCl₂. Rate constants of the other equations were not significantly correlated with soil properties. The release‐rate constants of the Elovich equation and release‐rate constants of the zero‐order equation in two segments were significantly correlated with garlic indices. Rate constants of other equations were not significantly correlated with garlic indices. The results of this research showed that the Elovich and zero‐order equations can be used to describe K‐release characteristics.     

Crop Productivity and Nutrient Bioavailability in a Potato-Based Three-Year Rotation as Affected by Composted Pulp Fiber Residue Application and Supplemental Irrigation

The possibility of using composted pulp fiber residues (CPFR) in a potato rotation in eastern Canada was tested. Three rates of CPFR (0, 45, and 90 Mg C ha^?1) with or without supplementary irrigation were applied. Pea (Pisum sativum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were cultivated in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), bulk density, and water-holding capacity were improved by CPFR. Pea and corn yields and total dry matter were increased using CPFR. Supplemental irrigation increased pea yield compared with the rain-fed system. Total tuber yield was increased by CPFR in the irrigated but not in the rain-fed system. The CPFR application increased plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in all rotation crops. Nitrogen accumulation in all rotation crops except potato was increased by CPFR. The CPFR application successfully enhanced soil fertility and crop productivity without any adverse effects.     

Long-Term Effects of Tillage and Manure Applications on Soil Phosphorus Fractions

Application of manure on the basis of crop nitrogen (N) need increases the level of soil phosphorus (P), which is concern for deterioration of surface water quality. Soil samples were collected from a long-term field study to investigate the impact of crop N need–based manure application on soil P fractions and P adsorption and release kinetics. The field experiment was initiated in 1990. The soil was moderately well-drained Kennebec (fine silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Hapludolls). No-tillage (NT) and conventional-tillage (CT) treatments were established in main plots, and subplots had five N treatments, including a control, and annual application of 84 or 168 kg N ha^?1 applied as ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) or beef (Bos taurus) manure. Manure at the high N application rate had significantly greater Bray 1 P under NT than under CT at 0- to 5-cm soil depth. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were not significantly different than the control for Bray 1 P. Continuous application of manure at the high N rate significantly increased all Hedley P fractions; however, the major increase was observed in high bioavailable P pools [iron oxide (FeO) P and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) P_i] and hydrochloric acid (HCl) P fractions. Soil organic P (P_o) pools, including both labile (NaHCO₃-P_o) and resistant [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) P_o], were increased by application of N from any source, suggesting biomass production and return of residue to soil surface was the responsible factor. Continuous application of manure based on N need also significantly increased FeO-P, NaHCO₃-P_i, and HCl-P fractions at lower soil depths (5–15 and 15–30 cm). Results from the P-adsorption study suggest that ability of soil to adsorb additional P was decreased by manure application and that EPC₀ was increased. Maximum desorbable P was observed for manure treatments under NT, although the release constant k (h^?1) was significantly less than with fertilizer N treatments.     

Potassium Release Kinetics in Potato Growing Alluvial Soils of North Western India

Potassium (K) release and kinetics were studied in soils of north western India varying in soil properties. Mathematical equations were tested for their applicability to describe K release in the alluvial soils. The major portion of total K was released within 1 h of the reaction. The initial rapid K release was followed by a slower rate of K release. The linear equation adequately described the K release kinetics. The next best fit to satisfactorily describe the reaction rates of K release was the first order equation. There existed two separate first order equations indicating different rates of K release. Soils having higher native potassium and clay released higher amounts of K and at a faster rate. However, the first order equation showed that the faster rate of reaction might be inhibited by higher amounts of clay, probably because of the restrictive properties of illites.     

Zinc Release Characteristics from Calcareous Soils using Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid and Other Organic Acids

Adsorption and desorption reactions of zinc (Zn) in soils control its availability to plants. In the present investigation, time-dependent Zn release was evaluated using three organic acids [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), citric acid, and maleic acid] to depict the Zn fraction controlling Zn release rate from slightly calcareous to calcareous soils. Eight surface and two subsoil samples of selected soil series varied in their physicochemical properties, amount of Zn held in different chemical pools, and Zn-retention capacities (21–61%). Each soil was extracted for a total period of 24 h at 1:10 soil/extractant suspension ratio using 0.005 M DTPA. The time-dependent parabolic diffusion model best described the Zn release in six consecutive extractions. Soils differed in cumulative Zn extracted (1.09–3.81 mg kg^?1 soil) and Zn release rate. Under similar conditions, three soils differing in Zn-retention capacities were also extracted with five different concentrations (0.01–0.0001 M) of citric and maleic acids. Although both maleic and citric acids released soil Zn at greater rates and in greater amounts than DTPA, maleic acid was more efficient. Soil Zn bound to amorphous iron (Fe) + manganese (Mn) oxides was the main Zn pool that controlled Zn release characteristics.     

Survey of Nutrient Status in Vitis vinifera Grapes in North Carolina

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) production is a rapidly growing industry in North Carolina; however, no local-research-based information is available to support nutrient-management decisions. Field studies were initiated to survey soil and plant nutrient status over a wide range in geography and management conditions in the dominant V. vinifera regions in North Carolina. While the survey data are still being analyzed, significant information was initially obtained to identify aluminum toxicity and phosphorus and potassium deficiency as potential limiting factors to vine health and productivity. Field studies were initiated to quantify soil test and plant nutrient responses to lime, phosphorus, and potassium rates. Responses to phosphorus and potassium application were observed at most sites predicted by soil tests. However, lime responses were not observed in either petiole or blade samples collected at full bloom or veraison. These studies will be continued until sufficient response data are collected to establish soil test and plant nutrient diagnostic criteria for efficient nutrient management of V. vinifera in North Carolina.     

Application of Surfactant-Modified Clinoptilolite in Peat Substrate on the Growth of Orthosiphon stamineus

ABSTRACT

This study covers the application of surfactant-modified clinoptilolite (SMC) in peat substrate on the growth of Orthosiphon stamineus. SMC added in peat substrate may increase nutrient availability to O. stamineus by controlling anionic nutrients (phosphate and nitrate) leach to the environment. The modification of clinoptilolite (Cli) by using hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium surfactant alters the surface charge of Cli from negative to positive which is likely to attract anions when applied in the substrates. In leachate study, there was a higher amount of phosphate^? and nitrate released (19.67 and 139.00 mg/L, respectively) by the commercial propagating substrate (PS) in the first day of the experiment. However, the application of Cli and SMC in peat substrate significantly reduced the concentrations of both nutrients, especially when 20% of the SMC was added in the peat substrates. There were significant differences in the growth parameters of O. stamineus, particularly those grown in 10% Cli-amended peat substrate. Results of leachate and plant growth studies indicate that Peat + 20% SMC could be a potential substrate to replace the commercial PS as it reduces the release of phosphate and nitrate, at the same time allows maximum uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, which promotes the growth and development of O. stamineus.     

水稻季施肥对后季绿肥物质养分积累的影响

田间试验条件下,研究水稻季不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对后季绿肥物质养分积累的影响,为水稻-紫云英轮作条件下适宜化肥用量的确定提供依据。结果表明,水稻季施氮、磷、钾肥处理的绿肥鲜草产量分别较不施氮、磷、钾肥处理增加27.9% ~ 40.9%、12.6% ~ 37.2%、21.4% ~ 46.2%。水稻季不同氮肥处理比较,施氮处理的氮积累量较不施氮处理增加48.8% ~ 62.3%,氮肥（N）用量为142.4 kg/hm2时,绿肥碳、氮、钾积累量最高,氮肥用量为71.2 kg/hm2时,绿肥磷积累量最高。水稻季不同磷肥处理比较,施磷处理的绿肥磷积累量较不施磷处理增加33.0% ~ 78.3%,磷肥（P）用量为49.1 kg/hm2时绿肥的碳、氮、磷、钾积累量均最高。水稻季施钾处理的绿肥钾积累量较不施钾处理增加22.2% ~ 44.8%,水稻季钾肥（K）用量为67.5 kg/hm2和101.2 kg/hm2时,绿肥的碳、氮、磷、钾积累量较高,且两处理间相差较小。本试验条件下,水稻季氮、磷、钾用量分别为142.4、49.1、67.5（或101.2）kg/hm2时,绿肥的产量及碳、氮、磷、钾积累量最高,分别为15 833 kg/hm2和929.2、44.6、5.8、45.9 kg/hm2。