不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对合浦鹅日粮养分消化率及生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究日粮不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对合浦鹅日粮干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷等养分的消化率及生长性能的影响.将120只28日龄的合浦鹅随机分成6个组,进行2个饲养和消化试验:试验1组饲喂粗蛋白质水平为15.10%,代谢能水平分别为10.03、11.00和11.85 MJ/kg的3种日粮;试验2组饲喂代谢能水平为11.50 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平分别为12.50%、14.85%和17.83%的3种日粮.用4 mol/L HCI ALA方法测定日粮的养分消化率.结果表明:粗蛋白质水平为15.10%和代谢能水平为10.03 MJ/kg的日粮,具有较高的养分消化率,但不同代谢能水平对试鹅的生长性能影响差异不显著(P>0.05);代谢能水平为11.50 MJ/kg和粗蛋白质水平为12.50%的日粮也具有较高的养分消化率,但不同粗蛋白质水平对试鹅的生长性能影响差异也不显著(P>0.05).因此,28日龄以后的合浦鹅的日粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平分别为15.10%和10.03 MJ/kg,或分别为12.50%和11.50 MJ/kg时,均具有较高的养分消化率,但对合浦鹅的生长性能无显著影响.     

无基质营养液育苗的营养液浓度对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

采用无基质营养液培育黄瓜幼苗,研究不同营养液浓度对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：低浓度（0.5倍和1.0倍全价营养液）处理下,黄瓜幼苗低矮、细弱、生物量低、抗性弱、根体积小、壮苗指数低,这与低浓度营养供应不足进而减慢生长发育进程有关|高浓度（2.0倍）条件下,幼苗前期生长受到抑制,由于幼苗后期胁迫作用未消除,虽然生长有所加快,但幼苗健壮度较低|1.5倍营养液处理显著促进了幼苗的生长,有效地提高了幼苗的生物量、壮苗指数和根系活力,较好地协调了幼苗的生长速率和抗性,胁迫作用不明显,促进作用大于胁迫作用。因此,在黄瓜无基质营养液育苗条件下,1.5倍全价营养液为最适浓度。     

氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜产量与养分吸收的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜产量与养分吸收的影响。结果表明:1日光温室春茬黄瓜栽培基质营养主要限制因子是氮和钾,施磷也有一定增产效果,施氮、施钾和施磷分别增产51.2%、45.2%和10.0%。2推荐施肥处理较习惯施肥处理能大幅度增加产量和经济效益,平均增产35.7%,增收40.7%;推荐施肥处理产量和经济效益均略高于高氮和高钾处理,产量分别增加4.3%和3.8%,经济效益分别增加4.4%和3.9%。3推荐施肥处理能显著促进黄瓜对氮磷钾的吸收,提高化肥氮磷钾利用率,化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别达到31.7%、34.1%和78.9%,而习惯施肥处理的化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别仅为4.6%、0.9%和11.7%。4本试验条件下日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜适宜N、P2O5和K2O用量范围分别在350~430、135~160、370~430g·m-3(基质)之间,生产1000kg黄瓜产品对N、P2O5和K2O的推荐量范围分别在2.0~2.4、0.8~0.9、2.1~2.3kg之间。     

黑木相思人工林营养元素生物循环特征

对广西南宁市8年生人工林黑木相思9种营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu)的质量分数、积累量、年净积累量和生物循环进行了研究。结果表明:黑木相思不同器官营养元素质量分数存在明显差异,以树叶为最高,其次是树皮、树枝和树根,树干最低;各器官中大量营养元素质量分数表现为N>Ca和K>Mg>P,微量元素Mn和Fe的质量分数较高,Cu最低。黑木相思人工林养分储存量为987.17 kg/hm2,其中乔木层(749.23 kg/hm2)占75.89%,林下植被层(170.86 kg/hm2)占17.31%,凋落物层(67.06 kg/hm2)占6.79%。黑木相思人工林营养元素年吸收量、归还量、存留量分别为199.05、105.41和93.64 kg/(hm2.a),年归还量占年吸收量的52.96%;循环系数为0.53,不同营养元素的周转期表现为P>K>Fe>N>Ca>Cu>Mg>Zn>Mn。     

不同管理模式对冬小麦产量和养分吸收的影响

[目的]为了建立适合河北山前平原区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)高产高效栽培的技术体系,通过大田试验,研究了不同管理模式对冬小麦产量、干物质积累、养分吸收及养分生产效率的影响。[方法]4个管理模式分别为农民习惯模式、高产高效模式、再高产模式、再高产高效模式,其中农民习惯模式按当地农民常规种植进行,高产高效、再高产和再高产高效模式分别为设置一定增产增效目标下各种管理措施的优化组合。[结果]与农民习惯相比,管理措施优化组合的高产高效、再高产和再高产高效3种模式均显著提高了冬小麦的产量、干物质积累量、氮磷钾养分吸收量和氮肥生产效率,其中产量分别提高20.7%、30.5%和22.5%,氮肥生产效率分别增加67.1%、17.3%和29.7%。再高产模式下产量、干物质积累和氮磷钾的养分累积量最高,高产高效模式下氮肥生产效率最高,达47.3kg/kg。[结论]通过管理技术的优化组合,可以实现冬小麦产量分别提高10%～15%和30%～50%、氮肥生产效率分别提高15%～20%和30%～50%的高产高效目标。     

Development approach and evaluation of the Nutrient Expert software for nutrient management in cereal crops

Meeting the demand for more food in the next 20–30 years requires intensifying cereal cropping systems and increasing current yields to about 70–80% of the genetic yield potential. A dynamic and robust nutrient management approach such as site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) will be essential to increase yields and optimize profits while maintaining the productivity of these intensive cropping systems. SSNM has increased yield and profit in rice, maize, and wheat in major cropping systems in Asia; but, crop advisors have found it complex and difficult to implement in the field. Nutrient Expert (NE) was developed to provide crop advisors with a simpler and faster way to use SSNM. NE enables crop advisors to develop SSNM recommendations using existing site information. Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize (NEHM) increased yield and profit of farmers in Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, NEHM increased yield by 0.9 t ha⁻¹, which increased profit by US$ 270 ha⁻¹ over farmer’s fertilizer practice (FFP). Compared with FFP, NEHM recommendations reduced fertilizer P (−4 kg ha⁻¹), increased fertilizer K (+11 kg ha⁻¹), and did not significantly change fertilizer N. In the Philippines, NEHM increased yield by 1.6 t ha⁻¹ and profit by US$ 379 ha⁻¹ compared with FFP. Compared with FFP, NEHM gave higher rates of all three nutrients (+25 kg N ha⁻¹, +4 kg P ha⁻¹, and +11 kg K ha⁻¹), which substantially increased fertilizer costs (US$ 64 ha⁻¹) but still increased profit by about six times the additional investment in fertilizer. NE accounts for the important factors affecting site-specific recommendations, which makes it a suitable starting point for developing nutrient management tools to reach more users.     

铁过量或缺乏对新生仔猪血清生化指标及肝脏hepcidin mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究铁过量或缺乏对新生仔猪血清生化指标及肝脏hepcidin mRNA表达量的影响.挑选新出生的“杜长大”三元杂交仔猪15头[平均体重为(1.22±0.13)kg],随机分为3组,即缺铁组、正常组和铁过量组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头猪.3和7日龄时,缺铁组分别注射1 mL生理盐水,正常组分别注射1 mL右旋糖酐铁(含铁150 mg),铁过量组分别注射3 mL右旋糖酐铁(含铁450 mg).7日龄时,将所有仔猪全部处死,采集血清,并分离肝脏和脾脏,以测定血清生化指标、机体铁含量和肝脏hepcidin mRNA表达量.结果表明:肝脏、脾脏和血清中铁的含量均随着注射铁量的增加而显著或极显著增加(P ＜0.05或P＜0.01).与正常组相比,铁过量组血清中血红蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白、丙二醛含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶活性显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),超氧化物歧化酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05);而缺铁组血清中血红蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白、丙二醛含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性则显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P＜0.05).与正常组相比,铁过量组仔猪肝脏中hepcidin mRNA表达量极显著升高(P＜0.01),而缺铁组则极显著降低(P＜0.01).由此得出,铁过量或缺乏均会影响新生仔猪机体的免疫功能和抗氧化功能;铁过量可提高新生仔猪机体铁含量和肝脏中hepcidin mRNA表达量,铁缺乏则会降低新生仔猪机体铁含量和肝脏中hepcidin mRNA表达量.     

藏系绵羊钼诱导铜缺乏的研究

自2000年以来,青海省乌兰地区藏绵羊出现以异食、消瘦和贫血为特征的疾病。经分析该地区土壤、牧草和动物的矿物质元素含量,发现在患病区,土壤钼含量为（4.63±1.51）μg/g,牧草为（4.89±1.79）μg/g,极显著高于正常地区。患病动物血液平均铜含量为（0.23±0.07）μg/g,被毛铜平均含量为（3.27±0.71）μg/g,而正常区的动物为（0.97±0.23）μg/g和（6.78±1.57）μg/g,差异极显著;患病动物血液铜最高值为0.53μg/g,血液铜最低值为0.031μg/g。而正常地区藏绵羊血液铜含量最高值为1.33μg/g,血液铜最低值为0.83μg/g。同时患病动物血清铜蓝蛋白显著低于正常动物,并且有小红细胞贫血。结果表明,藏绵羊以异食、消瘦和贫血为特征的营养代谢疾病为钼诱导的次级铜缺乏。     

Significance of fruit transpiration on calcium nutrition in developing apricot fruit

The first objective of this study was to search for a possible correlation between accumulation of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and fruit transpiration in developing apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit. Secondly, the work aimed to determine the significance of transpirational flux on Ca nutrition. We hypothesized that if the fruit transpiration is the determining factor of Ca accumulation (phloem‐immobile element) then the import of Ca would be suppressed by restriction of fruit water loss, while the import of phloem‐mobile nutrients (i.e., K and Mg) would not be. To test this hypothesis, the seasonal changes of transpiration and of Ca, K, and Mg concentration/accumulation were assessed in fruits left to naturally transpire or under restricted transpiration (bagged fruits). Fruit transpiration was measured on detached fruits using a portable gas‐exchange equipment (ADC‐LCA4, ADC BioScientific Ltd, Hoddesdon, England). Results demonstrated that 83% of total fruit Ca content was gained within the first 4 weeks after fruit‐set, and that Ca import ceased concomitantly to a reduction of transpiration. In spite of the limitation of fruit transpiration, Ca entered the nontranspiring fruits, and its concentration was about 45% of that in control fruits suggesting that other factor(s) operated for Ca accumulation. This study provides the evidence that fruit transpiration accounted for 55% of total Ca that entered a fruit. We conclude that optimal soil Ca availability and apportioning to the fruit during the early 4 weeks of growth are essential to sustain the fruit demand of this nutrient and that some cultural practices (e.g., summer pruning, irrigation) should be tested as possible tools to improve fruit Ca nutrition via increasing fruit transpiration.     

Phosphorus limitation in a Ferralsol: Impact on microbial activity and cell internal P pools

Soil microorganisms are key regulators of the biogeochemical phosphorus (P) cycle. Microbial P limitation in highly weathered tropical soils has been reported, but whether it affects the cellular P content of indigenous soil microorganisms and its biochemical composition is unknown. We investigated the effect of microbial P limitation by measuring respiration, microbial growth, community composition and P content of microbial cells in a Ferralsol with low amounts of available P as affected by amendments with C substrates with ample nitrogen (CN) with and without extra phosphate (P). Microbial biomass and community composition were quantified by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Cellular P content and P pools (PLFA, DNA and RNA per cell) were determined after extraction of microbial cells from soil by density gradient centrifugation. The apparent microbial growth rate during exponential increase in respiration rates in response to CNP addition was 0.072 h⁻¹, compared to 0.017 h⁻¹ for the CN amendment (no extra P added). This suggests that the microbial growth after a combined C and N addition was retarded by P limitation in the native soil (without added P). The net increase in microbial biomass, however, reached similar levels for both the CN and CNP treatment (measured at the point in time when respiration rates peaked). This outcome was unexpected since maximum respiration rates were about three times higher in the CNP compared to the CN treatment. Total P in extracted cells ranged from 2.1 to 8.9 fg P cell⁻¹ (microscopic counts), with a tendency for lower values for treatments without C amendments. Only 10-25% of the measured total P in extracted cells was accounted for by the measured RNA, DNA and PLFA. This low percentage could partly be due to underestimation of the RNA pool (degradation during extraction). PLFA analyses showed that substrate induced growth, regardless of P addition, led to a change in microbial community composition and was dominated by fungi. The extraction of microbial cells from soil by density gradient centrifugation, however, discriminates against fungi. Accordingly, the extracted cells were not fully representative for the entire soil microbiota regarding the community composition and metabolic state. Nevertheless, for the first time microbial cell P content and P pools are reported for microorganisms that actually grew in soil and not in chemostat or batch cultures.