隐子草地上生物量以及营养价值季节动态研究

本文主要探讨了隐子草地上生物量和营养成分以及体内体外消化率及其季节性变化动态。隐子草产量高峰期为7、8月份并且生长初期(5、6月)，它的枯黄部分较多而影响有机质和粗蛋白质含量以及体内体外消化率，到7月达最高值。并在8月份(隐子草的抽穗期)与其他牧草相比它的营养价值优良。     

试论氯化饮水的不足及改善途径

本文通过对传统氯气消毒带来的负面影响的分析,提出采用二氧化氯取代的改善途径。     

刈割和养分回添对羊草草原植物群落生物量及其构成的影响

基于2011年开始的养分回添控制试验,研究锡林郭勒盟草原羊草+克氏针茅+糙隐子草群落在不同肥料(氮、植物割取部分和有机质)对羊草割草场植物群落地上生物量的影响。结果表明:与不刈割相比,刈割+有机质回添、刈割+植物回添和刈割处理显著降低了植物群落地上生物量,但刈割+N素回添处理生物量并没有显著降低。4种处理均增加杂类草和一、二年生植物的地上生物量。与单纯刈割相比,刈割+植物回添处理可增加根茎禾草生物量;刈割+N素回添处理显著增加丛生型禾草地上生物量。与单纯刈割相比,刈割+植物回添处理增加了羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群地上生物量,刈割+N素回添处理增加克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)种群地上生物量并显著增加糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)生物量。这说明养分回添对植物群落地上生物量的影响,不仅与所施肥料种类和施肥量有关,还与该草原植物群落物种组成有关。     

枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜大鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜大鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验分为模型期和干预试验期。模型期选取怀孕10 d的SD大鼠72只,平均分为模型组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只。模型组大鼠孕期饲喂缺铜饲粮(铜含量为0.33 mg/kg),对照组大鼠孕期饲喂正常饲粮(在缺铜饲粮基础上添加6.0 mg/kg五水硫酸铜),持续到哺乳期结束,验证建模是否成功。干预试验期选择24日建模成功的缺铜幼龄大鼠108只,随机分成6个试验组,Ⅰ～Ⅲ组为硫酸铜组(缺铜饲粮基础上分别添加3.0、6.0和9.0 mg/kg五水硫酸铜),Ⅳ～Ⅵ组为枯草芽孢杆菌铜组(缺铜饲粮基础上分别添加3.0、6.0和9.0 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌铜),每个组3个重复,每个重复6只。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)在铜添加量相同条件下,Ⅳ组体重和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅳ组血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶(AST/ALT)显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。Ⅴ组血清铜蓝蛋白(CP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著或极显高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅴ组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅵ组血清AKP活性和肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。2)在硫酸铜组中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组体重、体长显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组血清CP活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅲ组血清AKP活性显著高于Ⅱ组(P <0.05),Ⅲ组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、GSH-Px和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性及肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅲ组血清M DA含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P <0.01)。在枯草芽孢杆菌铜组中,Ⅵ组体重、体长,血清AST、GSH-Px和CuZn-SOD活性,心脏、肝脏、肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅵ组血清CP和AKP活性显著或极显著高于Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P <0.05或P <0.01)。由此可见,枯草芽孢杆菌铜能提高先天性缺铜大鼠体重,血清CP、AKP、ALT活性,提高机体抗氧化能力,增加肝脏、肾脏中铜沉积量,效果优于硫酸铜,且降低了饲粮中铜添加量。     

河岸带生态系统管理模型研究进展

（西南大学资源与环境学院,重庆数字农业重点实验室,重庆 400716）     

Loss of pathogenicity in the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica

The pathogenicity and growth of six cultures of the bark-beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica were compared. Four were subcultures, established at different times, of the same isolate (80–53/7), and at least one of these was suspected to have lost its pathogenicity to Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) during subculturing. Two other cultures (93–208/115 and 94–169/13) were pathogenic. The pathogenicity of all cultures to Norway spruce was compared in three inoculation experiments, using (i) massive inoculation (≈144 inoculations per tree), (ii) low-density inoculation (14 inoculations per tree) of larger trees and (iii) single inoculation of 2-year-old seedlings. Fungal growth rates were tested in vitro on malt agar, and on malt agar under oxygen-deficient conditions. Isolates 93–208/115 and 94–169/13 and one of the subcultures of isolate 80–53/7 were pathogenic in all three inoculation experiments. Two other subcultures were nonpathogenic, while the last subculture was intermediate. The pathogenic cultures had higher growth rates on malt agar than the nonpathogenic and intermediate cultures, and they also grew better under oxygen-deficient conditions. These results demonstrate that blue-stain fungi may lose their pathogenicity after serial vegetative transfers on artificial substrates. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that rapid growth and the ability to grow in oxygen-poor environments are important pathogenicity factors in blue-stain fungi.     

低磷胁迫下武陵山区糯玉米地方品种的籽粒产量和营养品质效应

以10个来自武陵山区的糯玉米地方品种为材料,设置不施磷和施磷2个处理,研究其对糯玉米地方品种籽粒产量和营养品质的影响,结果表明,低磷胁迫对糯玉米地方品种籽粒产量、蛋白质和亚油酸含量影响较大。籽粒产量、蛋白质和亚油酸含量可作为筛选耐低磷糯玉米种质的指标。低磷胁迫下籽粒产量与营养品质的相关分析结果表明,育种上培育高产优质耐低磷的糯玉米品种是可行的。     

外源氯对番茄幼苗生长及养分吸收、利用的影响

 研究了不同水平外源氯处理对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L. ) 干物质积累、叶绿素含量、Cl^- 、NO₃^- 、氮、磷、钾、钙和镁含量的影响。结果表明: 一定范围( 6.25～100 nmol·L ^{- 1} ) 的外源氯处理, 不降低番茄生物量甚至促进生物量, 并可明显提高番茄幼苗对钾、镁、磷的吸收和氮素利用效率, 而200、300 mmol·L ^{- 1} Cl^- 处理的幼苗干物质积累极显著下降。     

不同栽植类型下3种地被植物的养分浓度动态变化及相关性研究

选取生长状况良好的吉祥草、白三叶和鸢尾3种多年生草本等作为试验对象,根据林缘、林下等不同栽植类型,设置林缘鸢尾、林缘吉祥草、林缘白三叶、林下吉祥草、林下白三叶共5种模式。从2008年9月到2009年9月,分5次采样,并测定植物体K、Ca、Mg养分浓度。结果表明：（1）不同栽植类型下3种地被植物N、P、K、Ca、Mg平均养分浓度分别为22．81mg·g-1,2．98mg·g-1、31．40mg·g-1、51．41mg·g-1、9．69mg·g-1;（2）不同栽植类型下P与Ca、Ca与Mg养分浓度均表现出显著相关。     

Biofortification of common bean as a complementary approach to addressing zinc deficiency in South Africans

Deficiencies of vitamin A, iodine, iron and zinc (Zn) in humans are caused partly by the consumption of food that has insufficient quantities of these. Their deficiency has a negative impact on the health, wellbeing, social and economic status of human beings. A national survey conducted in 2012 identified deficiencies of vitamin A, Fe, and Zn among other nutrients in South Africans and regarded the deficiencies of vitamin A and Fe as a moderate but not Zn. This review discusses causes of Zn prevalence in low-income South Africans and that it is largely caused by the low content of Zn in their diets. Initiatives to reduce Zn deficiency include fortification of wheat products and maize meal which has failed to address it successfully. Weaknesses of fortification include high cost of fortified food products to low-income populations, poor regulation in ensuring compliance in fortification, non-fortification of sorghum meal, and leaching of fortified nutrients during processing. This review suggests Zn-biofortification of locally-preferred common bean cultivars as an alternative strategy to compliment fortification. The review also discusses advantages of adopting biofortified Nutritional Andean common beans. Furthermore, the review suggests initiatives including evaluation of the common bean genotypes’ adaptation to different agro-ecologies.