Varietal tolerance to Zinc deficiency in wheat and barley grown in chelatorbuffered nutrient solution and its effect on uptake of Cu,Fe, and Mn

Tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency was examined for three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties grown in chelator‐buffered nutrient solution. Four indices were chosen to characterize tolerance to Zn deficiency: (1) relative shoot weight at low compared to high Zn supply (“Zn efficiency index”), (2) relative shoot to root ratio at low compared to high Zn supply, (3) total shoot uptake of Zn under deficient conditions, and (4) shoot dry weight under deficient conditions. Barley and wheat exhibited different tolerance to Zn deficiency, with barley being consistently more tolerant than wheat as assessed by all four indices. The tolerance to Zn deficiency in the barley varieties was in the order Thule=Tyra>Kinnan, and that of wheat in the order Bastian=Avle>Vinjett. The less tolerant varieties of both species accumulated more P in the shoots than the more tolerant varieties. For all varieties, the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and P in shoot tissue were negatively correlated with Zn supply. This antagonism was more pronounced for Mn and P than for Cu and Fe. Accumulation of Cu in barley roots was extremely high under Zn‐deficient conditions, an effect not so clearly indicated in wheat.     

重金属Cu、Zn在施入畜禽粪的菜园土中的淋溶研究

The leaching characteristics of a garden soil may be greatly affected by application of poultry and livestock manures from intensive farming. Packed soil columns of a garden soil （CK） and the soils after respectively receiving 2% pig manure （PM）, chicken manure （CM）, and commercial organic manure （OM） were leached with 0.05 mol L^-1 Ca（NO3）2 and 0.01 mol L 1 EDTA solutions. The leachate EC （electric conductivity） values gradually increased at the beginning and then reached a stable value when the soil columns were leached with 0.05 mol L^-1 Ca（NO3）2 solution. The leachate EC values showed a peak-shape when leached with 0.01 mol L^-1 EDTA solution. In all the soil columns, the pH values of the leachates decreased with increase of displacement volumes when the Ca（NO3）2 solution was used. The total amounts of Cu and Zn eluted from the four soil columns were significantly correlated with the extracted soil Cu and Zn concentrations by 1.0 mol L^-1 NH4NO3, but were not correlated with the leachate dissolved organic carbon （DOC） contents. The Zn concentration in the leachate of the PM-treated soil column with 0.05 mol L^-1 Ca（NO3）2 solution was above the Quality Standard III for Ground Water of China （GB/T 14848-93, Zn 〈 1.0 mg L^-1）. When compared with 0.05 mol L^-1 Ca（NO3）2, the EDTA solution significantly accelerated Cu and Zn elutions in the manure-treated columns. This suggested that applying poultry and livestock manures from intensive farming to farmland might pose a threat to the groundwater quality.     

苗期不同营养液处理对草莓产量形成的影响

在ＤＦＴ栽培条件下，研究了草莓苗期不同营养液处理对定植后草莓产量形成的影响。试验结果表明，苗斯断肥处理能增加草莓前期产量和总产量，苗期营养液浓度１．０ｍＳ／ｃｍ较０．５ｍＳ／ｃｍ有利于草莓产量形成。试验结果还表明，不同草莓品种对苗期营养液具有相同的适应性，草莓品种春香宜作为水培草莓品种。     

Mobility of Iron and Manganese within Two Citrus Genotypes after Foliar Applications of Iron Sulfate and Manganese Sulfate

Seedlings of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis L. cv. Washington navel x Poncirus trifoliata)] were grown in plastic pots containing a sand: perlite mixture and watered with a modified Hoagland No 2 nutrient solution throughout the experiment. Three-months-old plants were divided in three groups and sprayed with 0.018 M iron sulfate (FeSO₄ ^.7H₂O), 0.018 M manganese sulfate (MnSO₄ ^.H₂O), or deionized water. Two months later, plants were harvested and divided into top leaves that grown after the treatments, basal leaves that existed prior to the treatments, stems that partially came in contact with the spray, and roots. The manganese (Mn) spray resulted in a significant increase of Mn concentrations in top leaves, basal leaves, stems and roots of sour orange, and in top leaves, basal leaves, and stems of Carrizo citrange. The iron (Fe) spray significantly increased the concentrations of Fe in the stems and basal leaves of both genotypes. For both genotypes, transport of Mn from basal (sprayed) leaves to top (unsprayed) ones was found. However, the results of this experiment did not give any evidence neither for Mn translocation from sprayed tissues to roots nor for Fe transport from sprayed tissues to unsprayed ones (top leaves, roots). Mn and Fe were found to be relatively mobile and strictly immobile nutrients, respectively, within citrus plants after their foliar application as sulfate salts.     

Adaptation of some introduced eragrostis species to calcareous soil and acid mine spoil

Abstract

Plant growth is frequently limited by Fe‐related chlorosis on calcareous soils and by mineral toxicities on strongly acid soils and mine spoils. Better adapted varieties are needed for both soil situations, which are not always economically correctable. In a search for such geraplasm, 4 species (20 accessions) of Eragrostis were grown in greenhouse pots of a calcareous soil at pH 7.3. Two species were also compared on acid mine spoil at pH 3.5 and 4.7.

Species, and accessions within species, differed significantly in tolerance to the calcareous soil, as measured by susceptibility to chlorosis and yield of plant tops. The range in top yield was 11‐fold for accessions of Eragrostis capensis, 3‐fold for Eragrostis lehmanniana, and 1.7‐fold for Eragrostis superba. Eragrostis plana (P.I. 364340) was more tolerant to acid mine spoil (pH 3.5) but less tolerant to calcareous soil (pH 7.3) than Eragrostis superba (P.I. 364833).

Chlorosis and poor growth of certain accessions on calcareous soil (pH 7.3) were not explained by specific mineral deficiencies or toxicities. However, the tops of chlorosis‐susceptible accessions had lower ratios of Fe/Mn, Fe/Zn, and Fe/Cu than those of chlorosis‐resistant accessions. This imbalance is believed to interfere with Fe metabolism in plant tops.

Results suggested that superior strains of Eragrostis species can be selected for adaptation to calcareous or acid soils and that certain accessions characterized in these studies can be useful in studying the physiological mechanisms of mineral stress resistance in plants.     

双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制初探

为探明双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制,采用桶栽方式,以超级杂交早稻品种淦鑫203为试验材料,于氮素亏缺敏感期分蘖期,设置5个氮肥处理:T0(各生育阶段均不施用氮肥,即空白对照)、T1(各生育阶段氮肥按常量分配)、T2(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期不恢复供氮)、T3(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期常量恢复供氮)和T4(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期倍量补偿供氮),比较各氮肥处理稻株产量及其构成因素、单株分蘖数、成穗率和净光合速率、SPAD值、氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶NR和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性、内源激素含量、根系伤流量等有关生理指标的差异性。结果表明,T4单株产量与T1十分接近,补偿指数CI=0.99,无显著差异,呈现出等量补偿效应。与T1相比,T4叶片净光合速率、SPAD值、NR和GS活性均能维持在较高水平,而且随着生育推进,至补偿后期,T4该4项生理指标仍维持在较高水平,表现出较为明显的氮素亏缺补偿效应。至补偿后期,氮素补偿处理的T4和T3稻株叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量显著低于T0、T1和T2,以T4最低,生长促进类激素之和(GA3+IAA+ZR)与生长抑制类激素(ABA)比值则显著高于T0、T1和T2。氮素亏缺补偿后第10天根系伤流量以T0最低,T4、T3均高于T1,且T4与T1间差异达显著水平。至补偿后期,T4单株分蘖数及成穗率高于T1、T3。本研究结果进一步明确了双季超级杂交早稻分蘖期氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成,有助于诠释水稻氮素亏缺补偿效应形成的生理机制,为水稻氮肥施用不当时进行追补及双季早稻高产稳产栽培提供了科学依据。     

缺铁胁迫柑橘砧木幼苗的光合特性和叶绿体超微结构

【目的】通过研究枳壳与枳橙砧木在缺铁和正常铁浓度处理下的反应,重点揭示两种柑橘砧木光合特性、叶绿体超微结构等对铁敏感性的差异。【方法】以柑橘的枳壳砧木和枳橙砧木实生苗为试验材料,设置缺铁 (–Fe,0 μmol/L) 和正常铁 (+Fe,37.3 μmol/L) 2个处理进行营养液培养,测定了缺铁胁迫对两种砧木苗期铁元素含量与积累量、光合色素含量、叶片糖含量的影响,并进行了叶绿体超微结构的电镜扫描。【结果】缺铁胁迫显著降低了两种砧木铁元素含量与积累量、叶片光合色素含量,且枳橙砧木光合色素含量下降幅度较大。与对照相比,缺铁后枳壳砧木叶片的糖类物质含量降低,且达到显著差异水平;而枳橙砧木叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖含量显著升高,淀粉和果糖含量显著下降。另外,缺铁胁迫条件下,两种柑橘砧木片层结构模糊,嗜饿体数目增加。并且,缺铁后枳壳砧木叶绿体长度、厚度比对照分别降低了22.1%、26.4%,枳橙砧木则分别下降了55.1%、40.4%。【结论】缺铁胁迫下,枳橙砧木幼苗的铁元素含量和积累量、叶片光合色素含量、叶绿体超微结构等均比枳壳砧木受到较大影响,表明枳橙砧木比枳壳砧木对铁营养缺乏更加敏感。     

不同品种水稻产量形成过程的养分积累与分配特征研究

通过测定三系杂交稻"汕优63"、两系杂交稻"两优2186"和常规稻"IR64"不同器官N、P和K含量动态,探讨了3种水稻各生育期的养分积累与分配特征。结果表明:3种水稻稻株N含量均随生长过程逐渐下降,同一生育期水稻N含量以"汕优63"最高;除"汕优63"K含量在齐穗时明显上升外,3种水稻的K含量随生长过程逐渐下降;而P含量总体上在分蘖盛期最高。完熟期3种水稻的N积累量依次为24.79g/m2、15.14g/m2和14.42g/m2,P积累量为4.766g/m2、3.306g/m2和3.678g/m2,K积累量为2.439g/m22、.029g/m2和1.725g/m2。"汕优63"分配到籽粒中的N素比例为61.23%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高17.97%和11.23%;分配到籽粒中的P素比例为62.97%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高6.41%和9.63%;分配到籽粒中的K素比例为27.51%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"低3.00%和2.39%。在全生育期中,"汕优63"、"两优2186"和"IR64"的N需求量依次为31.33g/m2、22.88 g/m2、24.82g/m2,N、P、K吸收比依次为1∶0.192∶0.098、1∶0.219∶0.134和1∶0.255∶0.120。3种水稻中"汕优63"的养分生产效率最低。N、P、K生产效率"汕优63"依次为37.25kg/kg、193.80kg/kg和378.80kg/kg,"两优2186"依次为52.54 kg/kg、240.38kg/kg和392.16kg/kg,"IR64"依次为58.38kg/kg、228.83kg/kg和487.80kg/kg。三系杂交稻"汕优63"的N、P、K需求量大,积累量高,分配到籽粒中的比例亦高,与其高产特性相吻合。在保证N、P、K供给的前提下,进一步提高养分生产效率是实现"汕优63"高产、高效的关键。     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

Micronutrient availability in soils of Northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to silage maize production

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina especially in Northwest part of the country. Considering that, the maize is extremely sensitive to micronutrient deficiency the main aim of this study was to asses: (1) micronutrient availability in soil, (2) micronutrient status in silage maize; and (3) the relationship between micronutrient soil availability and maize plant concentration. Soil samples for micronutrient availability (n?=?112) were collected from 28 farms in 7 municipalities. Plant available micro- and macro- nutrients in soil were extracted using Mehlich-3, except plant available Se was extracted using 0.1M KH₂PO₄. Result showed that on average there was no significant difference between different soil types regarding their potential in plant available nutrients. P deficiency was present both, in soil and plants in whole region. Soil extractable P was ranging from 0.003–0.13?g?kg^?1 and total plant P was ranging from 0.79–4.95?g?kg^?1. Zinc deficiency was observed in two locations both in soil (0.71?mg?kg^?1; 0.79?mg?kg^?1) and plant (11.5?mg?kg^?1; 15.8?mg?kg^?1). Potential Se soil deficiency was observed on some locations, while Se plant status is not high enough to meet daily requirements of farm animals. Extractable soil nutrients could be used as relatively good predictor of potential soil and plant deficiencies, but soil nutrient interactions and climate conditions are highly effecting the plant uptake potential.