水稻免耕抛秧技术创新与推广应用

水稻免耕抛秧是广西农耕革命自主创新成果。介绍了广西水稻免耕抛秧技术创新与推广应用情况,分析了水稻免耕抛秧技术的优势及效果,并在总结广西成功实践及做法的基础上,提出了加快推广农业新技术的5条对策措施。     

夏玉米(大豆)免耕种植机械化作业工艺的研究

根据晋中盆地的气候条件、种植制度和机械化作业技术条件 ,设计了夏玉米 (大豆 )免耕种植机械化作业工艺 ,对各工艺环节作了详细的分析 ,提供了适合本地区的机械化作业程序方案 ,为麦—秋一年两作制度的实施提供了技术参考。     

水稻免耕抛秧技术创新与推广应用

水稻免耕抛秧是广西农耕革命自主创新成果。介绍了广西水稻免耕抛秧技术创新与推广应用情况,分析了水稻免耕抛秧技术的优势及效果,并在总结广西成功实践及做法的基础上,提出了加快推广农业新技术的5条对策措施。     

免耕直播对一季晚稻田土壤特性和杂交水稻生长及产量形成的影响

为了探明免耕直播对杂交水稻的生育规律和稻田土壤理化性状的影响,于2003—2004年在长沙以两优培九为材料,进行了免耕直播、翻耕直播2种栽培方式的田间比较试验研究。结果表明,与翻耕直播稻田相比,免耕直播稻田0~5 cm土层容重降低3.55%,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度和毛管持水量分别增加4.80%、1.59%、39.85%和7.04     

栽培措施对土壤健康影响的研究

土壤健康衰退已经波及整个农业生态领域,针对其衰退现象,采用不同的栽培措施从土壤理化性质、土壤养分指标、土壤生物性状、植物病害和植株生理等指标综合分析其对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,采用免耕、合理的间作和轮作能够较好地维持土壤理化性质,减少土壤的盐分积累,维持了微生物的数量和多样性,维持微生物碳氮源的供应,减少了植物病害发病率,促进了植株的生长。     

稻田免耕稻草覆盖马铃薯的产量及商品性研究

于2004—2005年开展了稻田免耕稻草覆盖马铃薯不同密度和不同施肥田间试验,结果表明:在不同密度和肥料运筹处理下,马铃薯产量存在显著差异,以F1D4产量最高。在不同密度处理下马铃薯产量随马铃薯种植密度的提高而增产,马铃薯种植密度降低有利于形成大薯,平均单个薯重增加,提高商品性,提出稻田免耕稻草覆盖马铃薯最低密度不宜少于60000穴/hm2,高肥下可适当降低播种密度,低肥下应适当增加播种密度。     

不同耕作方式下春小麦子粒灌浆特性分析

对新疆春小麦品种新春6号在不同耕作方式下的子粒灌浆特性进行了研究。结果表明,不同耕作方式下新春6号的子粒灌浆规律均符合Logistic自然生长曲线。各方程的决定系数R2都在0.998 1以上,均达到显著水平。不同耕作方式可影响子粒各阶段灌浆持续天数T、子粒灌浆速率和粒重。小麦留茬免耕处理渐增期的持续时间明显长于传统耕作;在灌浆各阶段,免耕各处理的灌浆速率均比传统耕作高,在快增期,小麦免耕留茬处理灌浆速率比传统耕作的高7.7%,小麦免耕不留茬处理比传统耕作的高7.4%。因此选择合适的耕作方式,可提高小麦各阶段灌浆速率,对增加粒重、提高产量有重要意义。     

Effect of no-tillage on turnover of organic matter in a Rhodic Ferralsol

Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) is considered to be key to sustainability of agriculture in the tropics. In southern Brazil, no-tillage has been adopted widely to control soil erosion, but its impact on the dynamics of SOM is not well established. We measured soil carbon (C) and δ¹³C in two crop rotations, one of which contained C4 maize ( Zea mays L.), after 21 years of contrasting tillage (conventional tillage versus no-tillage). Adjacent sites that reflected historic land-uses were also sampled. In the tillage experiment there was no effect of tillage on the total amount of C in the 0–40 cm profile (even when contrasting bulk density was accounted for), and the concentration of C differed only in the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm layers. However, the occasional input of C4 material in the maize rotation resulted in a significant effect of rotation on δ¹³C ( P <0.001). Using ¹³C as a tracer for the SOM formed since the start of the experiment, we estimated the abundance of 'recent' and 'old' C within each depth interval. We found the main effect of tillage was to increase the medium-term turnover of SOM, particularly in the subsoil (i.e. below 20 cm depth). Compared with no-tillage, there was almost five times more recent C in the subsoil, and 20% more recent C in the 0–40 cm profile as a whole.     

Duration of tillage management affects carbon and phosphorus stratification in phosphatic Paleudalfs

Surface accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) under conservation tillage has significant effects on stratification of other nutrients, on crop productivity and in ameliorating the greenhouse effect via atmospheric CO₂ sequestration. A measure of SOC stratification relative to deeper soil layers has been proposed as a soil quality index. Our objective was to determine the effects of the duration of tillage practices upon the SOC and extractable P distribution with depth in Maury silt loams (Typic Paleudalfs) at similar levels of corn (Zea mays L.) productivity without P fertilization. Soil samples (0–20.0 cm in 2.5 cm increments) were collected under moldboard tillage (MT), chisel tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) and in surrounding tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) sods selected from three tillage experiments (1–2-, 8- and 29-year durations) in Kentucky. SOC stratification was greater under conservation tillage (CT and NT) and sods than under MT. SOC and soil-test-extractable P stratification were positively related. Increasing the duration under NT caused the thickness of C stratification to increase. In NT soils, C stratification ratio (CSR) approached CSR in the nearby long-term sods with time. Conservation tillage rapidly promoted the occurrence of CSR greater than 2 while MT always resulted in values lower than 2. The rapid initial change in CSR suggests characterization of thin soil layers (i.e. 2.5 cm depth increments) is desirable under conservation tillage.     

华北山前平原农田土壤硝态氮淋失与调控研究

本文依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站小麦-玉米一年两熟长期定位试验, 应用土钻取土和土壤溶液取样器取水的方法, 研究了不同农田管理措施下土壤硝态氮的累积变化, 计算了不同氮肥处理通过根系吸收层的硝态氮淋失通量。结果表明, 小麦-玉米生长季土壤硝态氮累积量和淋失量随着施氮量的增加显著增加, 相同氮肥水平下增施磷、钾肥增加了作物的收获氮量, 施磷肥增加的作物收获氮量最高可达123kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 施钾肥增加的作物收获氮量最高为31 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。不同灌溉水平下0~400 cm 土体累积硝态氮随着灌溉量的增加而降低, 控制灌溉(小麦季不灌水, 玉米季灌溉1 水)、非充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉2~3 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)、充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉4~5 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)各处理剖面累积硝态氮量分别为1 698 kg·hm^-2、1148 kg·hm^-2 和961 kg·hm^-2。与非充分灌溉和充分灌溉处理相比, 控制灌溉在100~200 cm 土层硝态氮累积量显著高于其他层次, 2003~2005 年间控制灌溉剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的23%; 非充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的22%; 充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的47%。免耕措施降低了作物产量, 影响土壤水的运移, 增加了硝态氮的淋失风险。根据作物所需降低氮素投入(N 200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), 增施磷、钾肥, 控制灌溉量是减少华北山前平原地区硝态氮淋失, 保护地下水的有效措施。