How does the first year tilling a long-term no-tillage field impact soluble nutrient losses in runoff?

Conservation tillage practices are commonly used to reduce erosion; however, in fields that have been in no-tillage (NT) for long periods, compaction from traffic can restrict infiltration. Rotational tillage (RT) is a common practice that producers use in the central corn-belt of the United States, and could potentially reduce soluble nutrient loads to surface waters. The objectives of this study were to determine the first year impacts of converting from long-term NT to (RT) on N and P losses through runoff. Plots (2 m × 1 m) were constructed in two fields that had been in NT corn–soybean rotation for the previous 15 years. One field remained in NT management, while RT was initiated prior to planting corn in the other field using a soil finisher. Variable-intensity rainfall simulations occurred before and after fertilization with urea (224 kg N ha⁻¹) and triple superphosphate (112 kg P ha⁻¹). Rainfall was simulated at (1) 50 mm h⁻¹ for 50 min; (2) 75 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min; (3) 25 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min; (4) 100 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min. Runoff volumes and nutrient (NH₄-N, NO₃-N and dissolved P [DP]) concentrations were greater from the NT field than the RT field before and after fertilization.Dissolved P concentrations in runoff prior to fertilization were greater during the 50 mm h⁻¹ rainfall period (0.09 mg L⁻¹) compared to the other periods (0.03 mg L⁻¹). Nutrient concentrations increased by 10–100-fold when comparing samples taken after fertilization to those taken prior to fertilization. Nutrient loads were greater prior to and after fertilization from the NT treatment. Prior to fertilization, NT resulted in 83 g ha⁻¹ greater NH₄-N and 32.4 g ha⁻¹ greater dissolved P losses than RT treatment. After fertilization, NT was observed to lose 5.3 kg ha⁻¹ more NH₄-N, 1.3 kg ha⁻¹ more NO₃-N, and 2.4 kg ha⁻¹ more dissolved P than RT. It is typically difficult to manage land to minimize P and N losses simultaneously; however, in the short term, tillage following long-term NT resulted in lowering the risk of transport of soluble N and P to surface water.     

Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France

We studied soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity in five combinations of soil tillage and cover crop management systems. Treatments were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on a conventionally tilled soil (CT), on a no‐till soil (NT), and on an NT with three different cover crops: red fescue (Festuca rubra L.; Fr), bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Lc) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Ms). Measurements were made on a loamy soil in Grignon, France, in November 2004, May 2005 and October 2005. K and mean size of hydraulically active pores were measured in situ at three water potentials (?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa) at the soil surface and at 10 cm depth. In November 2004 and May 2005, pore space was described using 2D image analysis of pores on undisturbed soil samples in the 0–10 cm layer and in the 10–20 cm layer. The major differences were caused by soil tillage that created two heterogeneous soil layers and increased K in the 0–10 cm layer relative to NT. The effects of cover crop on K and porosity were not affected by the root type: there were no major differences between the grass cover crop (fibrous‐root type) and the leguminous ones (tap‐root type). However, we recorded larger functional pores and more tubules in the no‐till treatments with a cover crop, compared with the no‐till treatment without cover crop; this was probably the result of root activity. Although these changes generally did not result in larger values of K, they participated in the maintenance of soil structure and K over time.     

不同施肥方法对免耕晚稻产量及经济效益的影响

2013年晚季进行了晚稻免耕栽培不同施肥方法试验研究,结果表明,免耕晚稻采用配方施肥法产量高,并以复混肥料配方施肥法产量最高。     

免耕抛栽水稻源库特性研究

近些年来,水稻免耕抛秧栽培在中国广西等部分地区发展迅速。为了探讨免耕抛栽水稻产量形成特点,以金优253(OryzasativaL.)为试验材料,以常耕抛栽水稻为对照,从叶面积大小、剑叶光合速率与衰老、库的大小及源库比率等方面研究了免耕抛栽水稻的源库特性。结果表明,免耕抛栽水稻早、晚季产量分别为5.97t/hm2和7.53t/hm2,常耕抛栽水稻分别为6.19t/hm2和7.63t/hm2,其产量差异在早季和晚季均不显著。与常耕抛栽水稻相比,免耕抛栽水稻的每穗总粒数和单位面积上的总粒数较多,各生育期的叶面积指数较大,灌浆期剑叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量较高,而过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛的含量较低,在生理上存在一定的优势。但是,免耕抛栽水稻的源库协调能力较差,粒叶比和结实率下降,致使免耕抛栽水稻在产量上表现出一定的劣势。免耕抛栽水稻粒叶比和结实率的下降是由于其生产的干物质更多地分配在叶片中、贮藏在茎鞘中的干物质在抽穗后向穗部运转的能力较差造成的。     

稻茬免耕直播油菜覆盖稻草栽培技术研究

为降低油菜生产成本,对稻茬免耕直播油菜覆盖稻草栽培技术进行试验研究。播种期设10月20日、10月30日、11月9日3期播种,种植密度设18万株/hm2、27万株/hm2、36万株/hm23水平,稻草覆盖数量设0、2250kg/hm2、4500kg/hm23水平。试验结果表明:播种期对免耕直播油菜产量影响大,适期早播是高产的关键;播种后覆盖稻草,能抑制杂草、提高地温和培肥地力;种植密度18万～36万株/hm2范围内,产量差异不显著。浙江省免耕直播油菜高产农艺措施为10月20日撒直播、种植密度27万株/hm2、稻草覆盖量2250kg/hm2。     

Population dynamics of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in different agricultural systems

Organic matter and abiotic conditions seem to influence distribution patterns of Enchytraeidae. In this study effects of changes in management practices on population dynamics of enchytraeids were determined. At two sites (in Athens and Griffin, GA) parts of a fescue (FE) field were converted into conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) plots and changes in densities and depth distribution of enchytraeids were followed for 3 years. A site at Watkinsville, containing various soil textures and characterised by very low organic carbon content, which was converted into no-tillage 4 years earlier, was also sampled. Significant reductions in enchytraeid densities, after conversion of fescue into CT, were only found at Griffin. The management practices affected the vertical distribution of enchytraeids. In fescue and NT more enchytraeids were found in the 0–5cm than in the 5–15cm layer. In conventional tillage fields enchytraeids were more evenly distributed over the profile or more abundant in the 5–15cm layer. Management also affected the timing of population dynamics in the different plots. At two sample dates high abundances were found in CT plots only, not in any of the other plots. Enchytraeids were larger at Athens than at Griffin and Watkinsville and contained more soil particles in their gut. At Athens enchytraeids will presumably contribute more to the development of soil structure than at the other sites. We conclude that management affects vertical enchytraeid distributions in soil and changes the timing of population dynamics. Received: 7 January 1996     

免耕的土壤适应性

本文对影响免耕的有利和不利条件进行了讨论 ,分析不同土壤对免耕的适应性     

免耕对玉米生产力的影响：基于全球荟萃分析

通过对196篇相关文献的1 043对数据进行全球荟萃分析,评估免耕条件下玉米籽粒产量、秸秆生物量和叶面积指数的变化,并探讨气候、土壤、管理因素对其影响程度和方向。结果表明,相较于传统翻耕,免耕总体上显著降低了玉米籽粒产量、秸秆产量和叶面积指数5.7%、4.1%和9.7%。然而,这种效应因气候、土壤和管理措施而不同。在相对干旱的气候环境(年平均气温为>15℃、年平均降雨<600 mm)和恶劣的土壤条件(土壤体积质量>1.4 g/cm³、土壤有机碳含量<5.8 g/kg、土壤全氮为<0.75 g/kg)下,免耕条件下玉米生产力(籽粒产量和秸秆生物量)水平相对更好。其中,土壤有机碳含量和土壤速效钾含量与玉米籽粒产量呈显著负相关,年平均降雨和土壤速效磷含量与玉米籽粒产量和秸秆生物量呈显著负相关,土壤体积质量与玉米籽粒产量和秸秆生物量呈显著正相关。此外,肥料的高效施用、多样化的种植模式(间作或轮作)、秸秆还田等管理措施能抵消免耕条件下玉米生产力的负效应。总体而言,气候土壤环境相对更恶劣的区域可以从免耕技术上获益更多,而合理的田间管理措施也可以为...     

免耕和稻草还田对稻田土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响

为了明确稻草还田和免耕等保护性耕作措施对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响,自2008年于广西大学农学院科研基地进行长期定位试验,设置免耕（NT）、免耕+稻草覆盖还田（NT-SMR）、常规耕作+稻草覆盖还田（CT-SMR）、常规耕作（CT）和常规耕作+稻草翻压还田（CT-SR）5个处理,于2018年水稻成熟期测定产量,水稻收获后分层（0~5、5~10和10~20cm）测定土壤肥力。结果表明,稻田不同土层肥力指标均存在显著性差异,总体上表现为0~5、5~10和10~20cm土层的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量依次下降。NT-SMR处理显著提高了0~5cm土层的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量,但降低了土壤速效钾含量。在5~10和10~20cm土层,稻草还田处理的有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均优于无稻草还田处理。水稻产量与土壤肥力呈显著正相关。2016年CT-SR处理水稻产量在早季分别比NT和CT处理显著提高了8.52%和7.99%,在晚季分别显著提高了12.12%和7.55%;2018年NT-SMR处理的水稻产量在早季分别比NT和CT处理显著提高了17.78%和10.30%,在晚季分别显著提高了13.88%和19.39%。因此,免耕和稻草还田能明显提高稻田耕作层土壤肥力,增加稻谷产量。     

2BM-2／3型免耕播种机的研制

２ＢＭ-２／３型免耕播种机与小四轮拖拉机相配套，能够一次完成扒秸破茬松土、播种施肥、覆土镇压等作业，播种沟低于地面５ｃｍ左右，还能起到探墒播种的作用。也适应于硬茬地和翻耕地，对麦茬地按时间复播玉米、大豆、向日葵等作物也有重要意义。