地下水位对油菜生长及产量的影响

长江流域油菜生产主要采用水稻油菜轮作种植模式,地下水位高,易产生湿害。本试验采用PVC筒,在油菜4个生育期分别进行0、30、60和90 cm的地下水位处理,然后恢复至60 cm水位,比较2个耐渍性不同的油菜品系在不同生育期、不同水位条件下的生长状况及产量,从而确定油菜各生育阶段的适宜地下水位,为南方稻茬油菜排水降湿管理提供依据。试验结果表明: (1)地下水位高低影响了油菜的根系发育、地上部生长及产量形成;(2)就产量而言,各生育期对水分的敏感性依次为蕾薹期、花期﹥苗期、角果发育成熟期;(3)油菜苗期适宜地下水位为30~90 cm,蕾薹期、花期为30~60 cm,角果发育成熟期为30~90 cm;(4)就全生育期而言,即使选用耐渍性较弱的品种,地下水位控制在30~60 cm时能满足油菜生长发育及产量形成需求。     

免耕抛秧稻的立苗特性与立苗技术研究

于2005-2006年采用大田和盆栽模拟试验,研究了免耕抛秧稻的立苗特性及立苗技术。结果表明,适宜的浅水(1 cm左右)抛栽、短秧龄(20 d)抛栽、前期适当增施氮肥、适量的稻草还田(1 200 kg hm^-2)、旱育秧抛栽和喷施多效唑、α-萘乙酸浸种处理均有利于扎根立苗,早生快发,促进地上部生长。非直立苗的立苗速度与秧龄长短有很大关系,短秧龄有利于加快非直立苗的立苗速度和水稻生长。秧苗抛栽后立苗期每株平均根数和根长、地上部可溶性糖和全氮含量都与立苗密切相关。该结果为水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术的推广应用提供参考价值。     

免耕与耕作栽培蚕豆对稻田土壤水分和养分的影响

[目的]研究免耕与传统耕作方式种植蚕豆对稻田土壤水分和养分的影响。[方法]以云南陆良蚕豆为试材,在免耕和耕作栽培下分别设置株距为253、03、5 cm 3个密度处理,以耕作栽培下种植密度为36.30万株/hm2为对照。在蚕豆成熟期,测定土壤水分和养分指标。[结果]不同耕作方式和种植密度对水分和土壤全氮的影响很小;土壤有机质含量为免耕大于耕作;免耕30 cm的处理土壤碱解氮含量最高,为224.90 mg/kg,耕作30 cm的处理最低,为182.67 mg/kg;对土壤速效磷的影响表现为免耕25 cm>免耕35 cm>耕作35 cm>耕作30 cm>耕作25 cm>免耕30 cm;有效钾的变化是免耕25 cm>耕作25 cm>免耕35 cm>免耕30 cm>耕作30 cm>耕作35cm。[结论]免耕栽培,能提高土壤的肥力,改善土壤生态环境。     

岩溶区4种紫花苜蓿免耕栽培生长表现

在安顺岩溶区,以4种紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）为研究对象,采取免耕栽培方法,对其生长表现进行了观测记录。结果表明,各参试紫花苜蓿品种均不能完成整个生育期,全年总株高差异极显著（P<0.01）,茎粗变化1.54~2.39 mm,产草量变化14 008.7~16 218.1 kg·hm^-2（P<0.05）,产草量均为第3茬最高,分枝数差异不显著,4年后各参试紫花苜蓿品种有效植株总分枝数普通品种最多（677株·m^-2）,其次为维多利亚（618株·m^-2）、三得利（569株·m^-2）及西部之星最少（550株·m^-2）,再生植株高度与产草量呈正相关。经综合分析,秋眠级6级维多利亚、三得利适宜于安顺1 200~1 400 mm岩溶区推广栽培。     

Productivity and sustainability of a spring wheat–field pea rotation in a semi-arid environment under conventional and conservation tillage systems

A long-term rotation experiment was established in 2001 to compare conservation tillage techniques with conventional tillage in a semi-arid environment in the western Loess Plateau of China. We examined resource use efficiencies and crop productivity in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–field pea (Pisum arvense L.) rotation. The experimental design included a factorial combination of tillage with different ground covers (complete stubble removal, stubble retained and plastic film mulch). Results showed that there was more soil water in 0–30 cm at sowing under the no-till with stubble retained treatment than the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment for both field pea (60 mm vs. 55 mm) and spring wheat (60 mm vs. 53 mm). The fallow rainfall efficiency was up to 18% on the no-till with stubble retained treatment compared to only 8% for the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment. The water use efficiency was the highest in the no-till with stubble retained treatment for both field pea (10.2 kg/ha mm) and spring wheat (8.0 kg/ha mm), but the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment for both crops (8.4 kg/ha mm vs. 6.9 kg/ha mm). Spring wheat also had the highest nitrogen use efficiency on the no-till with stubble retained treatment (24.5%) and the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment (15.5%). As a result, grain yields were the highest under no-till with stubble retained treatment, but the lowest under no-till with no ground cover treatment for both spring wheat (2.4 t/ha vs. 1.9 t/ha) and field pea (1.8 t/ha vs. 1.4 t/ha). The important finding from this study is that conservation tillage has to be adopted as a system, combining both no-tillage and retention of crop residues. Adoption of a no-till system with stubble removal will result in reductions in grain yields and a combination of soil degradation and erosion. Plastic film mulch increased crop yields in the short-term compared with the conventional tillage practice. However, use of non-biodegradable plastic film creates a disposal problem and contamination risk for soil and water resources. It was concluded that no-till with stubble retained treatment was the best option in terms of higher and more efficient use of water and nutrient resources and would result in increased crop productivity and sustainability for the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau. The prospects for adoption of conservation tillage under local conditions were also discussed.     

长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响

免耕农作是一项重要的农业生态管理系统,长期秸秆覆盖免耕条件下土壤性质的变化及作物产量可以反映这一系统的可持续性,研究表明,长期（１９７０年－１９９４年）免耕与犁耕相比土壤容重并未增加,而表层（０－５ｃｍ）土壤有机Ｃ和有机Ｎ显著增加,并有随Ｎ肥施用量增加而增加的趋势,土壤ｐＨ随ＮＨ４ＮＯ３化肥施用量的增加而明业降低,免耕表层土壤的交换性Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,Ｋ和可提取Ｐ与犁耕比较明显的表聚现象,交换性Ｃａ,Ｍ     

Tillage alters corn root distribution in coarse-textured soil

Root responses to tillage vary and the driving factors are not well understood. Characterization of root response is requisite to optimize fertilizer placement and to understand limitations to no-till production. Corn (Zea mays L.) root length and weight were measured in the top 0.3 m of coarse-textured soil (Psammentic Hapludalf) in southwestern Ontario, Canada after 5, 6 and 7 yr of conventional and no-till management. Root length density in the top 0.1 m was greater under no-till (17 km m⁻³) than under conventional till (7 km m⁻³) 2 yr out of 3. Root length density was 4 km m⁻³ lower under no-till than under conventional till in the 0.15 to 0.3 m layer 1 yr out of 3, but otherwise root growth below 0.1 m was unaffected by tillage. Each year, root length and weight were distributed more horizontally under no-till than under conventional till. Corn grain yields did not vary with tillage, even though soil water content was often greater under no-till. The increase in soil water (of between 0.01 and 0.03 m³ m⁻³) was partly due to increased water holding capacity—water held between −8 and −200 kPa matric potential was usually greater under no-till (0.07 m³ m⁻³) than under conventional till (0.06 m³ m⁻³) in the top 0.15 m. The shift in root distribution was apparently driven by soil structure because variation in bulk density with tillage and depth followed the same trends as variation in root length. Bulk density was greater under no-till (1.5 Mg m⁻³) than under conventional till (1.4 Mg m⁻³) in the top 0.15 m. In the top 0.075 m, the proportion of the total space occupied by capillary pores (<36 μm diameter) was greater under no-till (17%) than under conventional till (15%), there were more dry-stable aggregates under no-till (9% of total soil in the 0.85–5.7 mm size fraction) than under conventional till (7%), and a greater proportion of these aggregates were water-stable under no-till (25%) than under conventional till (16%). Greater bulk density may trigger formation of lateral roots, and greater aggregation contribute to the more superficial development by deflecting roots from their gravitropic pathway. Given the more superficial root distribution under no-till, shallower placement of downwardly mobile nutrients such as nitrogen may be more efficient than knife-injection.     

免耕播种机排种器性能监控系统设计与试验

为了提高排种器性能检测的方便性、灵活性和高精准度,设计了一种以可编程控制器（PLC）和触摸屏为核心的便携式排种器性能监控系统。通过设置排种器相关参数,实时检测排种器排种的合格率、漏播率、重播率、变异系数和断条率等排种器性能指标。试验结果表明：系统对播种量的检测精度在97.90%以上,漏播的检测精度为90.56%以上,重播的检测精度为87.71%以上。对排种盘转速、粒距、机器前进速度、合格率进行了二次回归正交试验,验证了系统对排种器性能检测的准确性。     

免耕法对土壤结构影响的研究

通过对江苏省５大农区５个点连续免耕两年后土壤容重收缩性能和破碎强度的测定,结果表明：免耕能改善土壤结构和土壤排水通气状况。体变率与土壤〈０．０１ｍｍ的物理性粘粒和〈０．００１ｍｍ粘粒含量相关密切;常耕与免耕破碎强度的差值也与粘粒含量有一定的相关。     

玉米整秸覆盖地小麦免耕播种工艺及配套机具

提出了适合我国北方小麦、玉米一年两熟地区玉米整秸覆盖、小麦免耕播种的一种新的作业工艺,并设计了相应的玉米秸秆梳压机、小麦免耕播种机.试验表明,该机组各项作业指标均达到现代农艺技术要求.配套机具充分利用了农村小型拖拉机保有量多的特点,具有良好的推广应用前景.