蜜柚果实养分分配规律及与汁胞品质的关系

研究蜜柚果实中养分分配规律及与汁胞品质的关系,以期为改善蜜柚品质及柚园养分管理提供科学依据。随机取54个0.60-1.50 kg柚果,将果实分为黄皮层、白皮层、囊衣和汁胞等4个部位取样,分析各部位全氮（N）、全磷（P）、全钾（K）、可溶性氮（包括NH4+-N、NO3--N和氨基酸态氮（AA-N））和可溶性磷（SP）的浓度及汁胞中可溶性固形物（TSS）和可滴定酸（TA）的含量等指标。蜜柚果实中氮磷钾分配比例为（8.60±1.66）：（1.00±0.02）：（8.55±1.08）;其中,氮主要分配在黄皮层,磷主要分配在汁胞,钾在各部位分配相近。果实中可溶性N占TN的19.35% ± 2.67%,以AA-N为主;其中AA-N：NO3--N：NH4+-N分别为：15.45% ± 0.70%,2.55 ± 0.08%和1.35 ± 1.89%,并且NO3--N主要分配在白皮层,NH4+-N主要在汁胞,AA-N在各部位分配相近。果实中,SP含量约为全磷的10.63% ± 0.09%,主要分配在汁胞。相关分析发现,固酸比（TSS/TA）与SP极显著正相关,与NH4+-N显著负相关。果实中N、P、K及其可溶性形态在各部位分配的规律不同,建议遵循“高氮、低磷、高钾”的原则进行科学施肥。养分分配显著影响果实品质,其中SP浓度可能是影响汁胞固酸比的主要因素。     

氮肥运筹对玉米干物质及氮素积累转运和产量的影响

2015～2016年进行田间氮肥试验,研究分次施肥和施氮量对玉米干物质、氮素积累特性和产量的影响.供试品种为郑单958,采用二因素裂区设置,主区2种施氮方式,全部基施和50％基施+50％大喇叭口期追施;副区68、113、181、249kg/hm24种施氮量,对照为不施氮肥,测定干物质和氮素积累量以及产量与产量构成.结果...     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

海水人工湿地脱氮效果与系统内基质酶、微生物分析

利用人工湿地系统探讨了海水养殖外排水中不同形态氮的去除效果,分析了系统内部微生物空间分布、基质酶活性对氮去除效率的影响,深入研究了系统内部各微生物间相互作用、基质酶活性与微生物空间分布关系。选择互花米草为人工湿地植物,种植密度为64株/m2;基质填料选择细纱、高炉矿渣和珊瑚石。在3种不同工况条件下,研究人工湿地系统中氮的去除效果、微生物数量和基质酶活性。结果显示,系统对 TN、NH4-N 平均去除率分别为(25.02±12.69)%、(82.91±17.51)%;系统中不同基质层次的微生物数量和脲酶、脱氢酶活性不同,基质中、上层好氧微生物数量和脲酶、脱氢酶活性显著大于下层,系统下行池中、上层硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌显著高于下层,中、上层反硝化细菌数量明显低于下层;细菌总数与 TN(R2=0.50)和 NH4-N(R2=0.61)去除率存在一定正相关性,基质脲酶与 TN 去除率存在显著正相关性(R2=0.86)。研究结果将有助于理解海水人工湿地处理系统中氮的迁移转化机制。     

海链藻对氮磷需求量的研究

本实验初步研究了海链藻对氮磷的需求，研究结果表明：以等摩尔氮的NH4Cl、NaNO，和NFLNO3作为氮源时，选择NH4NO3为氮源可以获得较快的生长率并维持较长时间的指数生长期；氮源浓度的最适范围在0．54-1．08mmol／L之间。而2．16mmol／L以上的高浓度NH4NO3则对海链藻的生长有一定的抑制作用；在不同磷浓度(0．015-0．12mmol／L)的条件下，海链藻保持大致相同的生长速率。     

The effect of various nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition regimes on the concentrations of nitrates,ammonium ions,dry matter and N-total in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots

Two field experiments (Experiment I in 2003–2005 and Experiment II in 2004–2005) with carrot c.v. ‘Kazan F₁’ were conducted at Trzciana village (50°06′N, 21°85′E). The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Two sub-blocks were identified in both experiments: I, without foliar nutrition; II, receiving plant foliar nutrition. The plants were sprayed three times alternately with: 2% urea solution, 1% solution of multi-component ‘Supervit R’ fertilizer (produced by Intermag, Poland) and again with 2% urea solution. Combinations with diversified nitrogen fertilization were distinguished within both sub-blocks. Experiment I comprised of: (1) Control, (2) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70, (3) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70 + 70, (4) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 and (5) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 + 70. Experiment II included: (1) Control, (2) ENTEC-26 35 + 35, (3) ENTEC-26 70 + 70, (4) ENTEC 26 105 + 105, (5) NH₄NO₃ 35 + 35, (6) NH₄NO₃ 70 + 70, (7) NH₄NO₃ 105 + 105. Where 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was used before sowing, whereas 35 + 35, 70 + 70 and 105 + 105 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied before sowing and as top dressing. Solid nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil (produced by): Ca(NO₃)₂, Yara International ASA (Hydro); (NH₄)₂SO₄, Zak?ady Azotowe in Tarnów, Poland; NH₄NO₃, Zak?ady Azotowe in Pu?awy, Poland; and ENTEC-26, COMPO GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The research aimed at determining the effect of diversified nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition on NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, N-total and dry matter (d.m.) concentrations in carrot, and N uptake by storage roots. In Experiment I, nitrogen fertilization did not affect NO₃⁻ concentration, whereas in Experiment II, the applied N treatment increased NO₃⁻ concentration in carrot in relation to the control, except for the storage roots of plants fertilized with ENTEC-26 35 + 35. Nitrogen fertilization applied in both experiments caused a significant increase in N-total concentration in carrot and N uptake by storage roots in comparison with the control plants. In both experiments, nitrogen fertilization had a different effect on the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and d.m. in carrot. What is more, foliar nutrition treatments in both experiments had a different effect on the concentrations on NO₃⁻, N-total, d.m. in carrot and N uptake by carrot storage roots.     

钾素不同用量对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响

以莴苣为试材,采用通用随机排列设计,利用基质培育方法,研究不同供应水平的钾素营养对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明:在供试条件下,硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性在一定浓度范围内都随着钾素浓度的增大而降低.     

氮磷不同配比施肥对加工番茄生长及产量的影响

配方施肥明显改善了加工番茄的生长,增加了植株分枝数、单株坐果数和单果重,对提高加工番茄的产量有显著效果;过多的氮肥投入反而影响番茄的产量.结果表明:N:P2O5=1:1,投肥总量为施纯N 1.073～1.38 kg/hm2,P2O50.981～1.38 kg/hm2,产量和效益最佳.     

不同施氮水平对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

研究了青紫塥粘田上施用氮肥对黄瓜产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在磷、钾肥底肥的基础上.施用氮肥具有显著增产作用,但施氮量在450 kg/hm2以上产量极显著降低.施用氮肥对黄瓜卫生标准没有明显影响,黄瓜硝酸盐舍量符合生食标准(<432 mg/kg).施氮水平对黄瓜的品质影响很大,VC含量,可溶性蛋白质在一定范围内有所提高,但随氮肥的进一步增加呈下降趋势,可溶性糖舍量在450～600 kg/hm2 范围内有所增高.综合考虑作物产量、品质、生产成本、人体健康等因素,在本试验条件下,黄瓜氮肥施用量为300 kg/hm2左右为宜.     

马铃薯氮素营养诊断研究进展

从外观诊断、化学诊断、无损测试技术3个方面,总结了目前马铃薯氮素营养诊断的若干方法.对各种方法的应用原理、发展现状进行了阐述,同时,对其他可用于马铃薯氮素营养诊断,但目前仍未采用的方法进行了简要的说明和论述.