昆明春播繁殖甘蓝型油菜核不育117AB自交系可行性初步研究

117AB自交系经在湛江冬播自交5代,不育株率已达75%~80%。其不育株转为可育的温度为18~20℃。由于湛江早春升温过快,花前处于18~20℃的日数少,不育株转育率低,进一步纯合及纯合后的繁殖难度较大。因此,拟利用昆明夏季的中温条件进行进一步纯合及繁殖。将117AB自交系在昆明进行春播(4月下旬),调查了不育株育性转换率及转育后的可育天数,并考察了其部分农艺性状。结果表明:昆明春播117AB自交系花期(7~8月)的平均温度在19.9℃左右,出现半不育和可育温度的频率达到68.9%,而湛江仅达到36.2%,昆明不育株的转育株率为60.9%,而湛江仅为32.5%,农艺性状也较好,由此认为昆明适合117AB自交系的进一步纯合及繁殖。     

杂交粳稻同质恢复系选育方法研究

借鉴杂交玉米二环系选育的理论与方法进行杂交粳稻同质恢复系选育方法研究,以4个不育系泗稻8号A、57A、67A、69A和3个恢复系LH422、C418、R89为材料,比较了单交(不育系/恢复系)、双交(不育系1/恢复系1∥不育系2/恢复系2)、三交(不育系/恢复系1∥恢复系2)、对照(CK,恢复系1/恢复系2)4种组配方式选育恢复系的效率,分析了基础群体与育成的同质恢复系的配合力的关系,结果表明,单交方式选育同质恢复系的效率较高,容易育成优良恢复系;选用高产的单交组合作为同质恢复系选育的基础群体,容易育成配合力优良的同质恢复系;基础群体中恢复系的一般配合力对育成的同质恢复系的产量及其测交F1产量的贡献较大。     

Fine Mapping of C(Chromogen for Anthocyanin)Gene in Rice

Seven residual heterozygous lines(RHLs)displaying different genotypic compositions in the genomic region covering probable locations of C (Chromogen for anthocyanin)gene on the short arm of rice chromosome 6 were selected from the progenies of the indica cross Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46.Seeds were harvested from each of the seven plants,and the resultant F2:3 populations were used for fine mapping of C gene.It was shown in the populations that the apiculus coloration matched to basal leaf sheath coloration in each plant.By relating the coloration performances of the populations with the genotypic compositions of the RHLS,the C locus was located between rice SSR markers RM314 and RM253.By using a total of 1279 F2:3 individuals from two populations showing coloration segregation.the C locus was then located between RM111 and RM253,with genetic distances of 0.7 cM to RM111 and 0.4 cM to RM253.Twenty-two recombinants found in the two populations were assayed with seven more markers located between RM111 and RM253,including six SSR markers and one marker for the C gene candidate,OsC1.The C locus Was delimited to a 59.3-kb region in which OsC1 was located.     

基于全基因组测序构建水稻RIL群体遗传图谱

目的 以籼稻品种‘MDS’和‘R315’为亲本,构建一张高密度的遗传图谱,挖掘水稻Oryza sativa L.重要农艺性状相关基因并加快水稻品种选育。方法 对两亲本及其192个重组自交系(RILs)群体进行全基因组测序,筛选高质量单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),划分bin标记,针对每个连锁群使用JoinMap4.0对bin标记进行排序,用perl SVG模块绘制连锁图,并对标记在基因组和遗传图谱上的位置进行共线性分析。结果 两亲本间共筛选出221 494个高质量SNPs,构建了一张高密度遗传图谱,包含1 612个bin标记,总图距为1 327.82 cM,相邻标记间平均遗传图距为0.82 cM。共线性分析显示各连锁群上的大部分标记顺序与基因组保持一致,共线性较好,图谱质量高。结论 本研究构建的高密度遗传图谱质量较高,为后续功能基因的鉴定提供了基础。     

转基因棉和常规棉叶片对抗Cry1Ac近等基因系棉铃虫生长发育的影响

利用室内饲喂法,以抗Cry1Ac近等基因系棉铃虫为材料,比较转基因棉花33B和SGK321及其对照亲本DP5415和石远321对抗、感棉铃虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,抗性棉铃虫在取食常规棉叶后表现出一定的适合度代价。取食DP5415和石远321两种常规棉花后,抗性品系棉铃虫的幼虫存活率显著低于敏感品系,取食33B和SGK321两种转基因棉花的抗性棉铃虫,不仅其幼虫存活率显著高于敏感品系,而且致死中时间也比敏感品系延长。取食9天后,抗性品系在常规棉花石远321和DP5415上发育到3龄和4龄幼虫的比例显著低于敏感品系,取食33B和SGK321转基因棉花的抗性品系发育到3龄幼虫的比例均显著高于敏感品系。抗性品系在常规棉上的蛹重均显著低于敏感品系,部分取食转基因棉花的抗性品系棉铃虫可以化蛹,而敏感品系不能在转基因棉花上化蛹。     

大豆骨干品系在特定育种程序中的作用

来源于遗传多样性的变异将有助于提高育种效率,通过血缘关系分析可以了解后代群体的遗传结构.研究的目的是评估美国俄亥俄州立大学大豆育种程序中对产量改良起过重大贡献的骨干品系的作用.在俄亥俄州立大学大豆育种程序中,通常采用自己创造的骨干育种材料或来自其他育种程序的优异品种(系)做亲本进行常年杂交组配,这样带来了骨干血缘年度间的差异性,骨干品种(系)做亲本的使用年限也是有限的,然而,由于本育种程序中缺乏做豆腐用的骨干亲本,使Ohio FG1品种用作亲本的年限延长.Kottman,A98-980047,U 97-3114,HS 98-3628,HS 94-4533,Athow和HS 93-4118等7个骨干品种(系)对俄亥俄州立大学大豆产量改良起主要作用.后代群体中含50%以上骨干血缘品系的平均产量和所有被鉴定品系的平均产量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.9146,含50%以上骨干血缘品系的平均产量越高,所有被鉴定品系的平均产量也越高.但后代群体巾骨干品系的血缘百分率和所有被鉴定品系的平均产萤间不存在线性关系,说明在选择骨干品系做亲本时,除了考虑骨干品系的数量外,还要考虑骨干品系的配合力.俄亥俄州立大学大豆育种程序中,26个骨干品系衍生的后代中有11个的衍生后代平均产量超过对照品种,而且,这11个骨干品系中又有7个来自俄亥俄州立大学大豆育种程序,说明育种中间材料在产量改良中起着关键性作用.血缘分析结果表明,7个骨干品系来源于Williams、Essex、Amsoy、Wayne、Corsoy 5个老品种和一个现代品系A 86-301024.1998至2008年俄亥俄州立大学育成的19个油用品种和8个豆腐用品种中分别有17和14个亲本来自育种程序本身,进一步说明骨干品系的创造在品种选育中起着重大作用.     

中国大豆雄性不育和杂种优势利用研究进展与问题分析

杂种优势利用是大幅度提高大豆产量的有效措施之一,我同的大豆杂种优势利用研究开始于20世纪80年代中期,经过20多年的研究探索,我国在大豆杂种优势利用研究领域总体上处于国际前列.在世界上率先育成了大豆质核互作"三系",开展了大规模杂种优势测定研究,育成了数个大豆杂交种,对大豆杂交制种技术进行了广泛研究,取得重要进展.然而,杂交大豆的产业化进程仍较缓慢,还存在一系列问题亟待解决.文章总结我国在大豆雄性不育和杂种优势利用研究方面所取得的重要进展,对存在的主要问题进行了分析,并对今后的研究策略提出了建议.     

优良玉米自交系苏951的配合力分析及应用

苏951是江苏省农业科学院粮食作物所选育的优良玉米自交系,利用苏951已经育成一批优良组合。根据玉米杂种优势群和杂种优势模式,按不完全双列杂交模式组配了20个杂交组合,对苏951的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行分析评价苏951的育种特性。研究结果表明：除穗行数外,苏951的大部分产量性状的一般配合力较高,与塘四平头群、PN群有较强的杂种优势。     

Local vs. formal breeding and inbred line vs. synthetic cultivar for organic farming: Case of Vicia faba L.

As organic farming refrains from the use of agrochemical inputs, it is characterized by large environmental heterogeneity. Genotype × location interaction is expected to be larger across organic cropping areas than across conventional ones. When breeding for organic farming, it is important to identify an adequate breeding approach and type of cultivar. The objective was to investigate in the case of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) the effectiveness of local breeding (exploiting local adaptation) vs. formal breeding (exploiting broad adaptation) for grain yield in organic farming and to compare the performance of two types of cultivars: inbred lines and synthetics. A set of 18 inbred lines, their polycross progenies and 13 checks was tested in five locations in Germany from 2004 to 2006. Due to the large genotype × location interaction, local breeding generated higher gains from selection than formal breeding. Based on estimates of genotypic performance and variance of inbred lines and polycross progenies, the best synthetic cultivar at generation Syn-1 and the best inbred line cultivar were predicted. Despite the large variance among inbred lines available in local breeding, the highest performing entry in both breeding strategies was a synthetic, due to its partial realization of heterosis.     

Genetic variability of transpiration response to vapor pressure deficit among soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) genotypes selected from a recombinant inbred line population

Limited observations of soybean plant response of transpiration rate (TR) to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) have indicated the existence of genotypes with nearly constant TR at high VPD. The range of expression of this trait in a given population within a species has not been explored. To initiate study of this possibility, 22 genotypes from a RIL population derived from a cross of PI 416937 and Benning were characterized for their VPD response. Genotype PI 416937 has been shown to reach a maximum TR at a VPD as low as 2 kPa. Surprisingly, Benning was not found to have a continually increasing TR with VPD, but rather it had a two-segment TR response very similar to PI 416937. Unexpectedly, only one of the studied RILs had a TR response similar to the parents. Thirteen RILs had a continually increasing TR with increasing VPD. Eight RILs reached a maximum TR occurring at VPD of about 1.3 kPa, significantly lower value than that of the parents. While the inheritance of the maximum TR trait is clearly complex, these results offer encouragement that the VPD at which plants limit TR might vary so that the trait can be tailored to maximize potential yield increase in different water-deficit environments.