Differential mixing action effects on functional properties and polymeric protein size distribution of wheat dough

A micro Z-arm mixer and a 2g-Mixograph were used to compare the effect of pin and Z-arm-type mixing actions on mixing properties of wheat flour dough. Although the two mixing curves obtained with pin- and Z-arm-type mixing action showed a very similar mixing trace, no significant correlation was found between the two mixers other than the number of revolutions required for optimal dough consistency (peak resistance). Mixing requirement was described by a rate-independent parameter, the number of revolutions to peak dough development and was found to be greater in a Z-arm mixer than in a pin mixer. Mixing requirement showed significant correlation with stability, which is therefore a dough strength parameter. The change in the polymeric structure of gluten proteins of dough as indicated by %UPP (unextractable polymeric protein percentage) was monitored and showed a smaller decrease with Z-arm mixing than with pin mixing. Therefore, pin-mixing action is more energetic than Z-arm mixing. At peak resistance, Z-arm mixing gives a larger quantity of polymeric protein content in the dough relative to pin mixing. The degree of dough development at maximum resistance in the different mixers was shown to be different. A new parameter, delta-_UPPMZ${\mathrm{UPP}}_{\mathrm{MZ}}$ (the difference between %UPP of dough obtained with pin vs Z-arm mixing actions) was identified and proposed to have some relationship to the stability of the polymeric proteins in the dough.     

Estimation of dwarf green bean water use under semi-arid climate conditions through ground-based remote sensing techniques

Determination of temporal and spatial distribution of water use (WU) within agricultural land is critical for irrigation management and could be achieved by remotely sensed data. The aim of this study was to estimate WU of dwarf green beans under excessive and limited irrigation water application conditions through indicators based on remotely sensed data. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted comprising of six different irrigation water levels. Soil water content, climatic parameters, canopy temperature and spectral reflectance were all monitored. Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), crop coefficient K_c and potential crop evapotraspiration (ET_c) were calculated by means of methods described in FAO-56. In addition, WU values were determined by using soil water balance residual and various indexes were calculated. Water use fraction (WUF), which represents both excessive and limited irrigation applications, was defined through WU, ET₀ and K_c. Based on the relationships between WUF and remotely sensed indexes, WU of each irrigation treatments were then estimated. According to comparisons between estimated and measured WU, in general crop water stress index (CWSI) can be offered for monitoring of irrigated land. At the same time, under water stress, correlation between measured WU and estimated WU based on CWSI was the highest too. However, canopy-air temperature difference (T_c − T_a) is more reliable than others for excessive water use conditions. Where there is no data related to canopy temperature, some of spectral vegetation indexes could be preferable in the estimation of WU.     

油菜籽叶绿素含量近红外光谱快速检测

        油菜机械化收获的油菜籽叶绿素含量不一致，直接影响其加工成本和菜籽油品质，亟需建立成熟期油菜籽中叶绿素快速无损检测技术。本文采用紫外可见分光光度法测定450份代表性油菜籽样品中叶绿素含量，并采集近红外光谱数据。通过一阶导数、标准正态变量变换预处理，采用竞争性自适应重加权采样算法进行波长选择，建立了油菜籽中叶绿素含量偏最小二乘法回归模型。交互检验结果显示，油菜籽中叶绿素含量预测模型的验证集决定系数为0.9446，交叉检验均方根误差(RMSECV)为1.36mg/kg。研究表明，该方法可以准确预测油菜籽中叶绿素含量，为油菜籽品质快速监测提供了重要的技术支撑。     

基于遗传算法的近红外光谱谱区选择方法

针对以每个波长一个染色体基因的 WSGA方法在波长数目较大时搜索空间太大的问题 ,提出了基于遗传算法的近红外光谱谱区选择方法 (RSGA ) ,把全部谱区平均分为多个子区间 ,各子区间的所有不同组合构成搜索空间 ,使用 R/(1 δ)最大作为优化目标 ,使用遗传算法寻找一个最佳子区间组合 ,作为最后参与建模的光谱谱区。计算实例表明 :经 RSGA优化选择谱区后 ,不仅波长点数减少 ,而且 PL S L OO CV预测值与标准值的相关系数 R得以提高 ,交叉检验预测均方差得以减少 ,从而可以减小建模运算时间 ,剔除噪声过大的谱区 ,使最终建立的农产品品质检测近红外光谱模型的预测能力和精度更高。     

鲜枣可溶性固形物可见/近红外光谱检测建模方法比较

对采摘于一枣园的180个壶瓶枣样本,随机分成150个样本校正集和30个样本预测集。用FieldSpec3光谱仪采集光谱,并进行多元散射校正(MSC)预处理,之后分别利用连续投影算法(SPA)和逐步回归法(SRA)提取特征波长,并结合光谱理论分析确定,再分别基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)和最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM)建立壶瓶枣可溶性固形物含量预测的简化模型和全波段模型。结果表明,全波段PLS模型预测的相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.887 4和1.088 9,预测效果最好;建立的MSC-SPA-PLS模型预测的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.799 0和1.407 8,建立的MSC-SRA-PLS模型预测的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.822 4和1.3851,与全波段的MSC-PLS相比,精度均降低;建立的MSC-SPA-LS-SVM模型预测的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.796 3和1.145 8,与全波段的MSC-LS-SVM相比,精度提高;建立的MSC-SRA-LS-SVM模型预测精度很低,不适用。     

基于近红外光谱的花椒品质检测技术

首次提出了建立基于单籽粒红花椒的近红外光谱定量分析模型,用于花椒的挥发油含量检测。由于花椒表面的不规则性,且采用单籽粒花椒扫谱导致光谱信号差异较大,所以采用全谱分析。为此,结合异常样品剔除方法及模型优化方法,共建立了74份红花椒的挥发油近红外模型。实验表明,所建立的单籽粒花椒挥发油的近红外定标模型具有较好的稳定性和预测能力(RSD<10%,RPD>3),从而为花椒育种及品质检测提供了快速和便捷的途径。     

连续投影算法在砂糖橘总酸无损检测中的应用

酸度是评价砂糖橘品质的重要指标之一,为了消除光谱变量间的共线性影响、减少建模变量以提高校正速度,该文应用连续投影算法(SPA)对砂糖橘总酸近红外光谱无损检测模型进行优化。利用连接点修正方法修正近红外光谱,结合学生化残差图和模型回归图剔除异常样本,利用SPXY(sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances)方法划分样本集,最后利用SPA进行变量选择,比较SPA选择的变量建模和全光谱变量PLS模型的预测效果,并分析橘皮对总酸模型的预测精度的影响程度。     

葡萄酒发酵过程主要参数近红外光谱分析

用近红外光谱结合化学计量学方法对葡萄酒酒精发酵中葡萄糖、果糖、乙醇和甘油4个指标进行了定量分析,化学指标的测定采用高效液相色谱法.通过对近红外数据进行筛选、变量标准化等预处理,比较了主成分回归和偏最小二乘回归定量分析的模型质量,以决定系数、校正均方根误差、预测均方根误差为模型质量的评价指标.通过比较发现,对于葡萄糖和果糖,主成分回归与偏最小二乘回归的预测精度相当;对于乙醇,主成分回归预测结果较优;对于甘油,偏最小二乘回归的预测结果要优于主成分回归.主成分回归所采用的成分数要多于偏最小二乘回归,但二者都可以用于上述4种成分的定量分析,其预测精度也相近.     

计算机视觉运用于棉花水分养分供给系统设计

针对目前棉花水分检测存在的缺陷和过量施肥的问题,提出了一种基于计算机视觉的棉花水分养分亏缺实时检测和水分养分自动供给系统。运用配置有近红外光发射器的CCD照相机采集得到棉花叶片图像信息,对图像进行去噪音等预处理得到植物叶片的图像,对叶片水分亏缺和缺素信息相关的颜色特征、纹理的时域特征、纹理的频域特征及缺素初期斑点的时频特征,分别运用相对差值百分率直方图、差分算子,以及傅里叶变换和小波包提取等新方法进行提取,并利用遗传算法对提取的众多特征项进行优化选择,建立棉花叶片图像信息与水分养分亏缺状况的对应关系,并通过物联网技术连接微喷灌终端实现水分养分定时定量自动供给。将系统于湖北进行试用试验,试验表明:本系统大幅度提高了棉花产量,降低了灌溉水消耗量、肥料消耗量和土壤肥料残留量,减轻了农业生产对环境的污染,有较好的应用前景,值得推广。     

基于小波变换的大米直链淀粉波长选择方法

提出了一种基于小波变换的近红外光谱波长选择方法,小波分解低频系数是原光谱的离散近似,将最佳小波分解低频系数与原光谱数据进行关联,求出小波分解低频系数与原光谱数据的列相关系数R,取与原光谱数据相关系数较大的波长组合,作为最后参与建模的谱区.不仅考虑了浓度矩阵对波长选择的影响,且由于把小波分解结构中的高频系数全部滤除,避免了高频噪声的干扰,减小建模和预测运算时间,使最终建立的近红外光谱模型的预测精度提高.在大米直链淀粉含量的近红外光谱分析中进行了验证,并与其他常用波长选择方法进行了比较,结果表明,该方法波长点数最少,减小为原光谱数据点数的20%,校正模型和预测效果都较理想.