Possibility of using a SPAD chlorophyll meter to establish a normalized threshold index of nitrogen status in different potato cultivars

Leaf SPAD values are thought to be an indicator of potato nitrogen (N) status; however, when making plant N diagnosis, no single threshold leaf SPAD value can be used for all potato cultivars because of cultivar variation. We conducted field experiments over 3?years to test whether the difference in SPAD values between the upper and lower leaves was consistent among potato cultivars, and whether this value responded to N application levels. The results showed cultivar affects the SPAD values of the fourth and eighth leaves (SPAD_L4 and SPAD_L8), but not SPAD_L4-8, the difference between SPAD_L4 and SPAD_L8. Moreover, the SPAD_L4-8 values responded well to N application levels. Therefore the SPAD_L4-8 could be applied as a general index of N status across different potato cultivars, and establishing a threshold SPAD_L4-8 value might be more useful in guiding N fertilization recommendations for different potato cultivars.     

不同肥料对桉树幼林生长、土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为探讨不同肥料对桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)生长及林地土壤微生物和酶活性的效应,采用复混A肥料、复混B肥料、液态有菌肥和液态无菌肥等4种肥料对巨尾桉(E. erophylla)作追肥试验,为广西桉树生产提供参考依据。结果表明,追肥6个月后的桉树幼林高生长以复混A肥料最好,胸径生长以液态无菌肥最好。复混A肥料增强了林地4种酶活性,同时真菌数量在所有处理中最高。本研究结果初步表明,复混A肥料在促进桉树生长方面优于其他供试肥料,但其效果还需要长期定位试验验证。     

不同施肥量对辣木幼苗生长、光合和养分特征的影响

以辣木(Moringa oleifera)品种云南极品27号为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同施肥量处理对辣木幼苗生长指标、光合参数和养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明：随施肥量增多,辣木幼苗的株高、地径、生物量、根长、根直径、根体积、根表面积等生长指标基本表现为先升高后降低的趋势,施肥量为N9P4.5K4.5 g·株-1时达到最高,单株生物量和壮苗指数分别为对照的3.99和1.53倍;适量施肥能显著提高辣木幼苗的光合能力,有利于生物量的积累。随着施肥量的增加,辣木幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率先升高后降低,而蒸腾速率、气孔导度则随施肥量的增加而加大;辣木幼苗根、茎、叶组织中N、P、K含量随施肥量的增加先增多后减少,表观吸收率和施肥效率随施肥量增加显著降低,施肥量增加对根系的影响最大;施肥量为N12P6K6 g·株-1时辣木幼苗各生长、光合、养分含量指标均有所降低,根冠比最低,壮苗指数显著低于对照水平,明显抑制辣木幼苗的生长。总之,辣木幼苗最适施肥量为N9P4.5K4.5 g·株-1,施肥量为N12P6K6 g·株-1时抑制辣木幼苗的生长。     

Short-Term Effect of Nitrogen Intensification on Aggregate Size Distribution, Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Semi-Arid Soil Under Different Crop Types

There is a lack of quantitative assessments available on the effect of agricultural intensification on soil aggregate distribution and microbial properties. Here, we investigated how short-term nitrogen(N) intensification induced changes in aggregate size distribution and microbial properties in a soil of a hot moist semi-arid region(Bangalore, India). We hypothesised that N intensification would increase the accumulation of macroaggregates 2 mm and soil microbial biomass and activity, and that the specific crop plant sowed would influence the level of this increase. In November 2016, surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(10–20 cm) soil samples were taken from three N fertilisation treatments, low N(50 kg N ha~(-1)), medium N(75 and 100 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively),and high N(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively). Distribution of water-stable aggregate concentrations,carbon(C) and N dynamics within aggregate size class, and soil microbial biomass and activity were evaluated. The high-N treatment significantly increased the concentration of large macroaggregates in the subsurface soil of the maize crop treatment, presumably due to an increased C input from root growth. Different N fertilisation levels did not significantly affect C and N concentrations in different aggregate size classes or the bulk soil. High-N applications significantly increased dehydrogenase activity in both the surface soil and the subsurface soil and urease activity in the surface soil, likely because of increased accumulation of enzymes stabilised by soil colloids in dry soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by the type of crop, but urease activity not. Overall, our results showed that high N application rates alter large macroaggregates and enzyme activities in surface and subsurface soils through an increased aboveground and corresponding belowground biomass input in the maize crop.     

长期不同施肥处理黑土磷的吸附-解吸特征及 对土壤性质的响应

目的 长期不同施肥处理影响土壤磷库和土壤性质的变化。研究不同施肥处理下黑土磷的吸附解析特征及其与土壤性质的响应关系,为黑土合理施用磷肥,提高磷有效性提供理论依据。方法 本研究依托于公主岭黑土肥力长期定位试验,供试作物为玉米。选取不施肥（CK）、施氮、钾肥（NK）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）4个处理。取1990、2000和2010年的0—20 cm土层的土壤样品,分析土壤性质,测定磷的吸附解吸值,并用 Langmuir方程拟合了磷的吸附曲线,计算磷最大吸附量（Q_max）、磷吸附常数（K）、最大缓冲容量（MBC）、磷吸附饱和度（DPS）以及土壤易解吸磷（RDP）。结果 Langmuir吸附等温线方程能很好的拟合土壤吸附磷和相应的平衡溶液磷浓度曲线（R ²=0.93—0.99）。不同施肥处理磷吸附解吸特征参数具有明显的差异。随试验年限的增加,不同处理各特征参数变化不尽相同,与1990年相比,2010年不施磷处理（CK和NK）,Q_max值分别增加了1.83和1.61倍,MBC值分别增加了0.80%和49.40%,DPS值分别降低了92.04%和87.50%,RDP值分别降低了20.00%和82.83%;NPK处理Q_max和DPS值分别增加了81.39%和90.74%,MBC和 RDP值分别降低了79.37%和48.57%;NPKM处理Q_max和MBC值分别降低了33.35%和78.52%,DPS和RDP值分别增加了11.36倍和1.48倍。施肥21年后,与CK和NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的Q_max值降低了64.66%和 49.52%,MBC值降低了81.87%和79.56%,DPS值增加了110和3.81倍,RDP值增加了4.36倍和78.57%。NPKM处理显著增加了土壤全磷（Total-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、有机质（SOM）和CaCO₃含量,降低了比表面积,维持pH、游离铁铝氧化物值不变。冗余分析结果表明：SOM和Total-P是造成磷吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的49.5%和18.7%（P＜0.05）。 结论 长期有机无机配施可显著增加SOM和土壤中磷素累积,降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,增加土壤对磷的解吸,提高土壤磷的有效性,但同时显著提高了土壤磷吸附饱和度,易引起磷素流失的风险,对于NPKM处理应考虑有机肥与无机肥的投入量。     

氮磷钾配方施肥提升天然橡胶生胶性能

以8a生长的PR107橡胶树为研究对象,采用正交实验设计,研究氮、磷、钾肥配施对天然橡胶生胶性能及分子量的影响。结果表明:不同种类和水平的施肥处理对干胶含量有显著的影响,不同肥料对干胶含量最优施肥组合为尿素300 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾75 g/株;对生胶塑性初值的最优施肥组合为尿素0 g/株、过磷酸钙375 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株;对门尼黏度的最优施肥组合为尿素0 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株;对生胶塑性保持率的最优施肥组合尿素200g/株、过磷酸钙375g/株、氯化钾50g/株。施肥对橡胶的分子量均有显著影响,对橡胶数均分子量(Mn)的最优施肥组合为尿素0g/株、过磷酸钙125g/株、氯化钾25g/株,对橡胶重均分子量(Mw)、黏均分子量(Mv)的最优组合施肥量为尿素300 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株。在生产橡胶或胶乳制品时,可根据不同制品的需求选择合适的种植环境及施肥措施的橡胶树胶乳作为原材料,使制品性能达到最优。     

施肥水平对青稞籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为给青稞高产优质高效栽培中氮磷肥的合理利用提供依据,以藏青27、QTB13和QTB25 3个青稞品种(系)为材料,用Logistic方程对籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,研究了不同施肥水平(施氮量分别为0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm~(-2),按照氮磷比1∶6配施磷肥)下青稞籽粒的灌浆特性。结果表明,不同施肥水平下,3个青稞品种(系)籽粒灌浆过程均呈"S"型曲线变化,其Logistic方程的决定系数在0.995～0.999之间,均达极显著水平,拟合效果较好。灌浆参数中,灌浆持续期和最大灌浆速率出现时间与粒重均呈极显著正相关,平均灌浆速率与粒重呈正相关,但不显著。粒重与渐增期持续时间、快增期持续时间均呈极显著正相关,与其他参数相关不显著。理论最大千粒重与灌浆结束时实际千粒重随施肥量增加的变化基本一致。适量施用氮磷肥能调控籽粒灌浆参数,提高渐增期持续时间和快增期持续时间,增加千粒重;施肥过多则降低了千粒重。     

马铃薯复种大葱全程配方施肥技术研究

[目的]基于辽西地区马铃薯生产过程中化肥用量过高、综合利用效率低下的现状,探索提高在辽西地区马铃薯复种大葱过程中的化肥利用效率的新方法。[方法]采用裂区大田试验,研究单膜种植马铃薯复种大葱全程测土配方施肥对作物产量及肥料利用率的影响。[结果]马铃薯产量数据、植株生理性状配方施肥处理要明显好于常规处理,配方施肥处理的氮、磷、钾肥料利用率均明显高于常规施肥处理;在上茬土壤养分明显养分积累基础上,大葱配方施肥处理在整个生育期氮、磷、钾的养分吸收比较合理,产量要明显好于常规施肥。[结论]从稳产,节约成本看,在试验施肥水平和技术配套条件下,全程配方施肥,是一种比较安全的减肥增效措施。     

Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application no-tillage cover crop cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3~--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.     

荒漠区灰钙土土壤养分对甘草经济效益的影响

[目的]研究甘肃省河西走廊荒漠区灰钙土甘草氮磷钾锌最佳施肥量,为甘草产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]在甘肃省张掖市民乐县三堡镇的灰钙土上,采用田间试验方法,进行了甘草氮磷钾锌最佳经济效益施肥量的研究。[结果]甘草鲜根产量随氮磷钾锌施肥量梯度的增加而增加,但每1 kg氮磷钾锌增产量则随氮磷钾锌施肥量梯度的增加而递减;随着氮磷钾锌施肥量梯度的增加,甘草边际产量和边际产值在下降,边际利润最终出现负值;甘肃省河西走廊荒漠区灰钙土甘草氮磷钾锌经济效益最佳施肥量分别为0.46,0.26,0.16和0.02 t/hm~2,最佳施肥量时的理论鲜根产量分别为12.81,13.35,13.06,12.76 t/hm~2。[结论]在氮磷钾含量较低,有效锌缺乏的灰钙土上,甘草施用氮磷钾锌具有明显的增产效果,但最高产量的施肥量并不是最佳经济效益施肥量,最佳经济效益施肥量必然低于最高产量施肥量。