不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光 特性对套作遮荫的响应

选用4个耐荫性有差异的大豆品种为材料,通过与单作比较,研究了不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性对套作遮荫的响应差异。结果表明,套作遮荫提高了大豆叶片叶绿素含量、总叶绿素与类胡萝卜素比值（Chl(a+b)/Car）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶片初始荧光（Fo）、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量（Fv′/Fm′）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）;使叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值（Chla/b）、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、气孔限制值（Ls）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光猝灭（NPQ）呈减小趋势。套作遮荫降低了大豆地上部分干物质积累量,其干物质积累量与Pn呈极显著正相关。耐荫性相对较好的材料,如贡选1号和南豆12在套作遮荫下Pn下降较少,且有着相对较高的Chlb、Car分子组成比例、Fo和Fv/Fm。     

福建杂交玉米单作栽培技术研究

在单因素与多因素正交试验的基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对福建杂交玉米单作栽培的4项主要农艺措施进行田间试验。结果表明,播种期对杂交玉米产量影响最大,呈负向线性关系,种植密度与播种期、施氮量、追肥方法之间存在着显著互作效应。福州地区每公顷5250kg以上的优化栽培组合方案是:7月25日至8月5日间适时早播,每公顷保苗基本苗75000～82500株,施氮素150～180kg,基肥:拔节肥:穗肥为3∶3∶4。     

Comparison of the survival, growth and yield of red swamp crayfish and white river crayfish in monoculture and polyculture systems

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and white river crayfish (P. acutus acutus) production for monoculture and polyculture systems were compared. The experiment consisted of three treatments with six replicates each. The stocking rates were 43 crayfish/m² in 0.18-m² tanks fitted with a stand of green rice. Each tank contained six crayfish, either six individuals of the same species or three individuals of each species. The mean stocking size for monoculture and polyculture were 32.6 ± 0.05 and 33.0 ± 0.07 mm total length, respectively. Survival and growth was assessed at 30-day intervals over a 90-day experimental period. Survival of two species was the same in the monoculture system (62.5%). Survival of P. clarkii in the polyculture system (25.0%) was significantly lower than in the monoculture system (62.5%), whereas P. acutus acutus survived at similar rate in the polyculture system (41.7%) and monoculture system (62.5%). Survival was lower but growth was higher in the polyculture system than in the monoculture system for both species. Growth of P. acutus acutus in the polyculture system was significantly greater than in the monoculture system. No difference was observed in the growth of P. clarkii between polyculture and monoculture and the overall growth of P. acutus acutus and P. clarkii was similar for the 90 days. Yield did not differ significantly between monoculture and polyculture systems (P < 0.05). Total yields were in 1.15 kg/ha in monoculture and 1.18 kg/ha in polyculture.     

Yield Reaction of Winter Wheat in Monoculture in Dependence upon Weather and Soil

On the basis of a long-term field experiment with a progessive monoculture of wheat carried out on the research station Hohenschulen (University of Kiel), the yield reaction of wheat in monoculture was analysed with help of a multiple regression approach.
The mean yield of several years declines till the third resp. fourth crop, it increases later ('decline-effect' in the larger sense) without reaching the initial level however.
The weather considerably influence the absolute yield level as well as the yield trend in dependence upon the number of successive wheat crops. Interactions between yield and soil conditions are only slightly marked if the absolute yield is considered. The yield components, however, react differently according to the soil conditions.
Crop management measures such as the choice of varieties and the application of BCM-fungicides or N-fertilization were only able to reduce yield losses, but not to prevent them.     

Distribution of Pseudomonas populations harboring phlD or hcnAB biocontrol genes is related to depth in vineyard soils

The abundance and population structure of pseudomonads in soils collected from long-(1006 years) and short-(54 years) term grapevine monocultures in Switzerland were examined across five soil horizons within the 1.20-1.35 m range. Soil samples were baited with grapevine, and rhizosphere pseudomonads containing the biocontrol genes phlD (2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol synthesis) and/or hcnAB (hydrogen cyanide synthesis) were analyzed by MPN-PCR. The numbers of total, phlD⁺ and hcnAB⁺ pseudomonads decreased with depth by 1.5-2 log (short-term monoculture) and 3-3.5 log (long-term monoculture). In addition, the percentages of phlD⁺ (except in short-term monoculture) and hcnAB⁺ pseudomonads were also lower in deeper horizons. RFLP-profiling of phlD⁺ and hcnAB⁺ pseudomonads revealed three phlD and twelve hcnAB alleles overall, but the number of alleles for both decreased in relation to depth. The only phlD allele found in deeper horizons was also found in topsoil, whereas one hcnAB allele (k) found in deeper horizons in long-term monoculture was absent in the topsoil. This suggests that certain Pseudomonas ecotypes are adapted to specific depths. Four hcnAB alleles enabled discrimination between monocultures. We conclude that soil depth is a factor selecting phlD and hcnAB genotypes, and that the allelic diversity of the two biocontrol genes decreases with depth.     

不同单养和混养海水实验围隔初级生产力的研究

１９９５年和１９９６年夏秋季进行的围隔实验表明投饵养殖时浮游植物毛初级生产力较低,水呼吸相对较高,多数围隔中毛初级生产力／水呼吸〈１,其中混养中国对虾和台湾红罗非鱼的围隔中毛初级生产力较高,而混养中国对虾,台湾红罗非鱼和菲律宾蛤仔的围隔中毛初级生产力最低;在投饵基础上酌情施肥后围隔毛初级生产力同于投饵养殖时,毛初级生产力／水呼吸〉１,但单养中国对虾,对虾与罗非鱼混养和对虾与海湾扇贝或缢蛏混养的围隔     

马铃薯/玉米套作对马铃薯品种光合特性及产量的影响

以马铃薯品种中薯5号(早熟, 株型直立)和米拉(中晚熟, 株型扩散)单作为对照, 在大田条件下, 调查马铃薯/玉米套作模式中2个品种光合指标的变化、块茎形成期至块茎增长期不同叶位气体交换参数的变化, 分析光合指标对产量的影响。结果表明, 整个生育期马铃薯叶绿素含量(Chl a+Chl b)套作高于单作, 叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶重(SLW)和叶绿素a/b值(Chl a/b)套作低于单作。从块茎形成期至块茎增长期, 群体光合有效辐射(PAR)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(L_s)呈下降趋势, 净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)呈上升趋势。PAR、P_n、G_s、T_r均随叶位的降低显著下降, 套作下降幅度低于单作。套作中、下层叶片P_n的下降受气孔因素和非气孔因素限制。套作降低了马铃薯上层叶P_n, 提高了中、下层叶P_n。套作中薯5号的Chl a+Chl b生育前期高于米拉, 生育后期低于米拉, SLW则相反; LAI和Chl a/b整个生育期高于米拉。套作中薯5号上层叶PAR高于米拉, 中、下层叶PAR低于米拉; 套作中薯5号上层叶P_n与米拉相近, 中、下层叶P_n高于米拉; 各层叶WUE、L_s高于米拉, G_s、C_i、T_r低于米拉。总之, 套作改变了马铃薯的光合特性, 并显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量; 套作恶化了中薯5号/玉米复合群体的光环境, 改善了米拉/玉米复合群体的光环境, 米拉/玉米套作体系土地当量比(1.40)大于中薯5号/玉米体系(1.24), 显示了较强的套作优势, 宜在生产中优先推广。     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

Antagonistic effects of species on C respiration and net N mineralization in soils from mixed coniferous plantations

Mixtures of litter from different plant species often show non-additive effects on decomposition and net N release (i.e., observed effects in mixtures differ from predictions based on litter of the component species), with positive non-additive (i.e., synergistic effects) being most common. Although large amounts of C and N reside in soil organic matter that contribute significantly to the overall C and N cycle, only a few studies have compared species monoculture vs. mixture effects on soil C and N dynamics. We studied the interactive effects of black spruce (Picea mariana), tamarack (Larix laricina), and white pine (Pinus strobus) on soil C respiration and net N mineralization in a plantation in northern Minnesota, USA. The trees were planted in monoculture and in all three possible two-species combinations (mixtures). After 10 years, we measured aboveground plant biomass and soil C respiration and net N mineralization rates in long-term (266 days) and short-term (13 days) laboratory incubations, respectively. Soil C respiration and net N mineralization were significantly lower in mixtures with tamarack than would be predicted from the monocultures of the two component species. Possibly, mixing of lignin rich litter from black spruce or white pine with N rich litter from tamarack suppressed the formation of lignolytic enzymes or formed complexes highly resistant to microbial degradation. However, these antagonistic effects on soil C respiration and net N mineralization in mixtures with tamarack did not result in reduced aboveground biomass in these plots after 10 years of growth. It remains to be seen if these antagonistic effects will affect long-term forest productivity and dynamics in boreal forests.     

格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层溶解有机碳浓度及季节动态

于2002 年的1 月、4 月、7 月和10 月对中亚热带格氏栲和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33 年生) 枯枝落叶层(包括Oi、Oe 和Oa 层)进行了取样,并采用TOC 分析仪测定枯枝落叶层样品的溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度。结果表明,杉木人工林枯枝落叶层DOC 平均浓度(1341.7 mg·kg-1)高于格氏栲人工林(1178.9 mg·kg-1)。两种林分枯枝落叶层中,Oe 层的DOC 浓度均高于Oi 和Oa 层。格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层不同分解层次DOC 浓度的季节变化模式基本相似,均在秋季或冬季出现最大值。枯枝落叶层DOC 浓度及季节变化与温度、湿度、生物活性及枯枝落叶层中有机质数量等有关。表2 图2 参31。