Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

低温与氮耦合对水稻内源激素含量的影响

【目的】探究不同耐冷氮高效水稻材料内源激素代谢特点,以阐明氮营养对提高水稻耐冷性的调节机理。【方法】以水稻近等基因系耐冷氮高效I16和冷敏氮低效I67为材料,采用水培试验,研究人工气候室模拟低温胁迫与4个氮肥水平(10,20,40和60 mg/L)耦合对水稻根、叶中内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量的影响及其互作效应。【结果】随水稻生育进程,根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在开花期达到峰值,ABA含量在成熟期达峰值。水稻根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA含量随施氮水平增加而升高,ABA则相反;在相同施氮水平下,低温抑制IAA、CTK、GA合成,促进ABA升高,4种激素含量呈现I16高于I67,叶高于根。低温与中氮耦合对水稻根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA的调控为正效应,低温与高氮耦合调控ABA为负效应,中氮可使水稻维持较高内源激素含量,这是增强水稻耐冷性的内在机理之一。【结论】在低温和氮肥耦合下,维持根叶中较高的IAA、CTK、GA、ABA含量,以及施氮对根、叶激素耦合效应的差异,是引起水稻耐冷性和氮素利用效率差异的重要生理调节因素。     

土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤,通过外源添加重金属钴（Co）,研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现,Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍）,50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程,结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子,作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时,可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001）,EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时,可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证,结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值,但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明,我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响,基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。     

不同灌溉模式下光合有效辐射与水稻叶片水分利用效率关系研究

根据江西省示范区晚稻节水灌溉试验资料,研究了不同灌溉模式下叶片水分利用效率随光合有效辐射的变化规律,分析了光合有效辐射与叶片水分利用效率的主要影响因子,气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度以及叶气温差的关系。结果表明:水稻叶片水分利用效率随光合有效辐射的增大表现出先增大后下降的变化趋势,二者之间表现出较好的二次曲线关系;光合有效辐射在500~900μmol/(m2.s)范围内,叶片水分利用效率均大于7.0μmolCO2/mmolH2O;控制灌溉模式下,水稻叶片水分利用效率略大于常规灌溉模式下的单叶水分利用效率,但无明显差异;光合有效辐射与气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度之间表现出较好的多项式关系,与叶气温差呈明显的直线关系,它们的关系从一定程度上揭示了光合有效辐射影响水稻叶片水分利用效率的生理机制。     

大豆凝集素的分子结构及其抗营养作用研究进展

概述了大豆凝集素的研究情况,总结归纳了大豆凝集素的分子结构、理化特性及其对动物和人类造成的抗营养作用。     

个性化推荐攻击检测模型研究

协同过滤是最核心、最典型的个性化推荐技术,广泛应用于电子商务,但其推荐结果对用户偏好信息的敏感性使得推荐系统易受到人为攻击,电子商务推荐安全成为个性化推荐能否成功应用的关键。作者先简要介绍了个性化推荐及推荐攻击的基本概念;而后分析比较了各种攻击检测模型。     

基于MADYMO的乘员正面碰撞侧约束系统模型的建立

利用先进的汽车碰撞安全性模拟的软件MADYMO建立正面碰撞模型(乘员侧)。模型的响应与加速度滑台试验的结果基本一致,包括大腿力、腰带力、肩带力、颈部力(FX,FZ)、颈部弯矩(MY)、胸部位移,以及髋部、胸部、头部的加速度的响应。介绍了利用MADYMO软件建立正面碰撞侧约束模型的一般过程,以及仿真与实验结果的比较。     

Influence of using plants to design landscape in city recreational squares on environment

Through the investigation on influence of temperature,humidity and effects of landscape in Harbin First Department Store(Hayibai)Center Recreational Square,the influence of landscape designing of plant on the environment was researched.Two improved suggestions were given after analyzing the results of the investigation.One is to further plan the market of designing of city recreational square,and to manage and maintain the city recreational square;the other is to make good policies to control and avoid some large scale political projects.