烟粉虱防治药剂筛选及其混配组合的应用效果研究

为筛选防治烟粉虱的高效安全药剂并探索其药剂防控技术的优化配套,2012-2013年进行了防治药剂不同浓度处理及不同混配组合对瓜类烟粉虱成虫的防控效果及安全性的田间试验。结果表明,对长瓜烟粉虱的防治,240 g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂效果最好,药后24 h至14 d防效在68%以上;吡蚜酮与哒螨灵混配后防效显著高于单剂处理。对水果黄瓜烟粉虱的防治,50%杀虫环可溶粉剂与5.7%甲维盐水分散粒剂不同浓度混配处理药后24 h至7 d防效在80%以上,与240 g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂等其他药剂防效相当;且混配处理后对红蜘蛛有较好的兼治作用。此外,吡蚜酮+哒螨灵、杀虫环+甲维盐的药剂混配组合,可与氟啶虫胺腈等药剂按推荐剂量在田间轮换使用,延缓抗药性的产生。     

中国北方地区双孢蘑菇栽培新技术

针对双孢蘑菇栽培周期长、原料日趋紧张、劳动成本高、产量低等问题,开展新型菇房、配方、覆土技术、发酵技术试验示范。结果表明,新型菇房可用于周年生产;新型玉米芯配方,一次发酵时间分别比对照缩短4 d和6 d,产量达到到10.29 kg·m-2,在5%水平上差异显著,每平方米的成本由3元下降为0.4元;新型覆土配方,产量比黄土高37.33 kg,比草炭土产量高41.17 kg,在5%水平上差异显著。     

Population ecology and prey consumption by fathead minnows in prairie wetlands: importance of detritus and larval fish

Abstract –  The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas occurs in high densities in wetlands of the prairie pothole region (PPR) of North America, but food resources sustaining these populations are poorly known. We assessed population dynamics and prey consumption of fathead minnow populations in three PPR wetlands for 2 years. Fish density peaked at 107 fish per m² for all age classes combined. Larval and juvenile fish dominated these populations in terms of abundance and accounted for 83% of total prey consumption. Detritus dominated fish diets, representing 53%, 40% and 79% of diet mass for larval, juvenile and adult fish respectively. Detritus consumption was positively related to minnow density and negatively related to invertebrate abundance, but only for adult fish. Seasonal production:biomass ratios were unrelated to proportions of detritus in the diet for all ages of fish, indicating that detritus is an important food resource capable of meeting metabolic demands and sustaining fish growth in high-density populations. Detritus consumption may also weaken links between abundance of invertebrate prey and minnows, promoting dense fish populations with strong, consistent influences on wetland ecosystems.     

Seasonal shift in spawning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) by photoperiod manipulation: egg quality in relation to temperature and intensive larval rearing

Commercial intensive fry production of Atlantic cod will be dependent on production of viable eggs independent of season. This can only be done by manipulation of maturation by photoperiod, but little is known about potential effects on egg characteristics and larval viability. In two cod broodstocks, maturation was successfully advanced or delayed 6 months compared with normal spawning season (March–April) by manipulation of photoperiod. The advanced broodstock spawned both in spring and autumn the same year. In two of the spawning tanks during autumn, ambient temperature was reduced after reaching 13.7°C during the first half of the spawning period. Egg quality and viability were monitored, and several egg batches were incubated, hatched and start‐fed for examination of growth and survival. Temperatures above 9.6°C resulted in significant reductions in fertilization and normal egg development. Concurrently, fractions of dead and unfertilized eggs increased with elevated temperature. Actual relative fecundity was not affected by temperature. Egg characteristics improved when temperature was controlled and lowered below 9.6°C. Occurrence of irregular spawners suggests that handling of broodstock fish should be avoided during maturation and spawning. Cod larvae originating from eggs of the advanced or delayed broodstocks were successfully reared beyond metamorphosis. Survival was 9.0–46.6% and 29.3% in green and clear water respectively. Survival correlated with both initial and average feeding conditions, but growth rate did not correlate with either of survival and feeding conditions. Specific growth rates (8.3–13.6% day⁻¹) is comparable with other intensive rearing trials with cod, but were lower than reported from nature‐like systems.     

Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment

Air temperatures in and outside of 60 parks in Taipei city were surveyed to study the effect of different urban parks on their surrounding thermal gradients. Results suggest that the factors governing the temperature of park surroundings are not identical to those of park interiors. Air-temperature gradients surrounding urban parks are influenced by both the horizontal transport of cool or warm air mass above parks and the evapotranspirative air-parcels from trees, creating a cool island larger than the boundaries of cool-island parks, a heat-island larger than the boundaries of strong heat-island parks, and a cool-ring outside weak heat-island parks. Such horizontal air movement is not easily detected using remotely sensed data. During daytime, the thermal environment within a park is dominated by the amount of solar input absorbed by unshaded paved area, which, when strong, can overflow to increase the temperatures of park surroundings; at night, despite park trees causing a warming effect inside parks, park surroundings are cooled by horizontal flow of evapotranspirative air-parcels from park trees. In business and other districts used mostly during daytime, it is recommended that parks and other open spaces be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. In residential districts that are used mostly during nighttime, parks and other open spaces are recommended to be designed with more trees. Night irrigation, a measure commonly recommended for the conservation of water, is also recommended to further enhance this nighttime cooling.     

Risk factor analysis for sea lice, Caligus rogercresseyi, levels in farmed salmonids in southern Chile

Sea lice, Caligus rogercresseyi, are ectoparasitic copepods, which severely affect the salmon farming industry in southern Chile, reducing the health status of fish and producing both direct and indirect economic losses. Local farmers have reported increasing infestation levels since 2004, reaching a peak in 2007. In response to this situation, the Chilean Fisheries Service (Sernapesca) developed a surveillance programme; the first step of which consisted of a general survey of salmon farms. This survey included documenting counts of parasite burdens on fish and measurements of several husbandry and environmental factors providing an evaluation of risk factors for the observed infestation levels. The information collected was analysed using a linear mixed model technique, which takes into account the clustered structure of data, decomposing the unexplained variation and assigning it to different aggregation levels of the productive system. Geographical zones, fish species, treatment against sea lice performed 1 month before sampling, stocking density, fish weight and water salinity were the variables significantly associated with sea lice burdens. In contrast, treatments performed 2-3 months before sampling, use of photoperiod in sea cages and water temperature, were not significant. There was significant unexplained variation at all aggregation levels, i.e. sub-zone, fish farm and cage level, with the fish farm level showing the greatest variation.     

基于变点分析的南极半岛南极磷虾资源分布空间格局尺度效应

南极磷虾是南极生态系统的关键物种,其资源分布具有显著的时空异质性.为了分析不同空间尺度对南极磷虾资源空间格局的影响,实验利用1996—2011年南极半岛海域的南极磷虾生物量数据,通过全局Moran's I、Geary's C与Ripley's K函数对该资源的空间格局进行分析,并对不同空间尺度下各空间指标进行变点检测....     

成纤维上皮细胞炎症反应模型的建立

利用培养金黄色葡萄球菌培养基过滤液建立成纤维上皮细胞炎症反应模型,用于观察和研究炎症反应过程中细胞形态的变化。将培养金黄色葡萄球菌培养基除菌过滤冻干,用细胞培养基稀释,按照一定蛋白含量加到上皮细胞的培养基中,制作细胞炎症反应模型。结果显示,成纤维上皮细胞发生炎症反应,高浓度细菌滤过液的细胞形态发生变化,细胞边缘模糊不清,细胞出现空泡,随着培养时间的延长低浓度的大量大型细胞开始增加;在添加金黄色葡萄球菌培养基滤过液培养24h后利用^3H—TdR方法测定细胞增殖率,细胞增殖差异是显著的。结果表明,建立细胞炎症反应模型是可行的,并为以后炎症反应机理研究和抗炎性反应药物研究奠定了基础。     

不同性别龙胜凤鸡生长曲线的拟合与分析

为了解龙胜凤鸡的生长发育规律,本研究运用Logistic、Gompertz和Bertalanffy3种非线性模型分别对龙胜凤鸡的生长情况进行曲线拟合和分析。研究结果表明,3种模型均能较好的模拟龙胜凤鸡生长曲线,拟合度假。）均高于0．99,其中以Bertalanffy模型的拟合度最高（公、母鸡都为0．997）。因此,运用3种模型对龙胜凤鸡进行生长曲线的拟合和比较分析是可行的,本研究也为及时了解龙胜凤鸡的生长发育规律提供了参考。     

不同品系中华绒螯蟹土池生态育苗效果比较

为评估不同品系中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）的繁殖性能和育苗效果,分别采用中华绒螯蟹二龄早熟品系（雌体≥150 g,雄体≥210 g）、“长荡湖1号”A系（雌体≥200 g,雄体≥310 g）、“长荡湖1号”B系（雌体≥250 g,雄体≥360 g）及超大规格品系（雌体≥300 g,雄体≥400 g）作为亲本进行土池生态育苗试验,比较了各品系的抱卵蟹获得率、亲本孵化率、育苗期间的投饵量、幼体变态速度以及大眼幼体产量等指标。试验结果显示：（1）各品系越冬后的抱卵蟹获得率随着亲本规格的增大而明显降低,抱卵蟹成功孵化率随着亲本规格的增大同样呈降低趋势,但组间差异不明显（P>0.05）。（2）各品系投饵量在幼体培育期间呈现先增后减的变化趋势,其中,溞Ⅴ期最高,日投饵量约为75 g/m²;与之相反,幼体蜕皮周期在幼体培育过程中呈现出先降后增的变化趋势,溞Ⅲ-Ⅳ期蜕皮周期最短,仅为5～6 d。（3）除了个别产量异常的池塘外,各品系单蟹产苗量及饵料系数均随着亲本规格的增大而提高,且各品系大眼幼体淡化率差异较小,均在90%左右。结果表明,虽然大规格品系在...