中国春背景下长穗偃麦草抗赤霉病相关基因的染色体定位

长穗偃麦草具有良好的赤霉病抗性,是小麦赤霉病抗性改良的重要种质资源。为了深入研究长穗偃麦草的赤霉病抗性并对其抗性相关基因进行染色体定位,连续两年两地于开花期通过单花滴注法对中国春-长穗偃麦草二体附加系、置换系等31份材料进行穗部接种,21d后调查发病情况;同时调查了各材料的自然发病情况。结果表明,长穗偃麦草的赤霉病抗性主效基因定位于1E和7E染色体,其中7E染色体的短臂具有良好的赤霉病抗性,2E和4E染色体具有微效抗性基因,而3E、5E和6E可能存在易感基因。     

内参法在线粒体DNA纯度鉴定中的应用

为了确定普通差速离心法提取的小麦线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的纯度,以小麦肌动蛋白β亚基(β-Actin)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基(RabcL)和细胞色素C 氧化酶第三亚基(COXIII)基因的片段作为内参标记,依靠聚合酶链式反应(PCR)及琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术,对提取的mtDNA进行了检测.结果表明,普通差速离心法提取的mtDNA中混杂有核DNA和叶绿体DNA(ctDNA).对提取的mtDNA稀释后再进行内参法检测,结果发现,当mtDNA稀释到DNA原液的300～400倍时,混杂其中的核DNA已达不到PCR反应的敏感度,但mtDNA、ctDNA仍能满足作为PCR反应体系模板的要求.此时,提取到的mtDNA可视为无核DNA污染的细胞质基因组DNA.     

日本囊对虾两种表型差异类型线粒体的全基因组比较

为了分析日本囊对虾两种表型差异类型的系统发育关系,实验系统比较了两种类型线粒体全基因组的基因结构、遗传距离和密码子偏好性等特征。结果显示,两种类型线粒体基因组的基因重叠区、基因间隔和密码子等方面均存在差异。两种类型的线粒体蛋白编码基因核苷酸序列的相似度为91.10%～95.00%,氨基酸序列的相似度为96.15%～100%。两种类型的A+T富集区的同源性只有82.60%,分歧度为15.40%,呈现高度遗传分化。日本囊对虾两种类型蛋白编码基因的核苷酸序列分歧度大于明对虾属和叉肢螯虾属,但氨基酸序列的分歧度小于后者。研究发现,基于cytb基因的种间遗传距离大于种内遗传距离的10倍;基于cox1基因的种间遗传距离分别为类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ的种内遗传距离的14.6倍和5.2倍。两种类型的nd1、nd4和nd5基因的Ka/Ks值大于1,表明受到正向选择。基于20种隶属9属的对虾线粒体基因组蛋白编码序列构建系统发育树,结果显示能有效区分各属对虾,其中日本囊对虾的两种类型首先聚类,再与宽沟对虾聚类。研究表明,日本囊对虾的两种表型差异类型基本达到物种水平,有必要进一步评估更多的性状差异,以提高两种囊对虾的特...     

传染性囊病病毒完整基因组的克隆和鉴定

本文采用反转录－聚合酶链反应技术,在体外将１株ＩＢＤＶ弱毒株ＧＺ９１１的基因组扩增为４个片断－ＧＡ５,ＧＡ３,ＧＢ５,ＧＢ３。     

Molecular markers and their applications in wheat breeding

In recent years, considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of molecular markers to be used for a variety of objectives. This review attempts to give an account of different molecular markers—restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), sequence-tagged sites (STS), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and microsatellites (STMS)—currently available for genome mapping and for tagging different traits in wheat. Other markers, including microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR), expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are also discussed. Recent information on synteny in cereal genomes, marker-assisted selection, marker validation and their relevance to cereal breeding in general and wheat breeding in particular are also examined.     

木兰科叶绿体基因组的密码子使用特征分析

木兰科植物是具有重要经济、药用和观赏等价值的原始被子植物,密码子是基因编码区蛋白翻译的核心元件,分析基因组编码区密码子的使用特征,对基因功能和系统进化研究具有重要意义。目前木兰科植物已有29个物种的叶绿体基因组被成功解析和注释。收集已有的木兰科植物叶绿体基因组,系统解析叶绿体基因组编码区的密码子使用特征,并阐释了木兰科植物间的亲缘进化关系。结果表明,29种木兰科植物的叶绿体基因组编码区的同义密码子和最优密码子使用偏好相同,均以A/U结尾,自然选择是叶绿体编码区密码子偏好形成的主要原因。此外,基于29种木兰科植物叶绿体基因组、CDS序列以及密码子偏好特征RSCU值分别构建了系统进化树,分析发现,基于密码子偏好特征的物种间进化关系明显不同于前两者,而叶绿体基因组和CDS序列构建的进化关系更接近物种的真实分类,该结果也进一步支持了位点突变特征和非编码区序列在生物体的进化过程中往往具有重要的作用。     

Growth response of 98 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to elevated CO2 and identification of related quantitative trait loci using genome‐wide association studies

Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) concentrations can stimulate crop growth, but little is known about intraspecific variability in the response to eCO₂ and the underlying genetics in cereals. Field experiments over two years with 98 barley genotypes were conducted in open‐top chambers (OTCs) under ambient CO₂ (400 ppm) and eCO₂ (700 ppm) concentrations. At crop maturity, different fractions of aboveground biomass (AGB) were measured, and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). Averaged across all genotypes, eCO₂ significantly enhanced AGB by 15%, while the increase in culm and ear biomass alone was not significant. The AGB response to eCO₂ of the individual genotypes ranged from c. ?36% to +95% compared with ambient CO₂ (aCO₂), showing a large variability of growth responses. In GWAS, 51 associations between SNP markers and the relative changes (eCO₂/aCO₂) in biomass were detected on different chromosomes. Loci potentially involved in biomass alterations under eCO₂ were identified. The wide range of variability in responses might be exploited by marker‐based breeding for climate‐resilient barley.     

Association mapping for seed cotton yield,yield components and fibre quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes

Association mapping has revolutionized human genetics and is increasingly used in plant genetics. It is an efficient way of determining the genetic basis of complex traits. In cotton so far numerous association mapping studies are available as compared to many other important crops. In our study, mapping was performed using cotton 63K infinium beadchip with 201 germplasm lines. Through fast STRUCTURE analysis, lines were grouped into 12 subgroups and revealed genome sharing among the groups. The critical value (R²) was set to 0.243 as threshold to claim LD between two loci. About 3.13% marker pairs recorded significantly high LD (R² = 1), and 8.19% of marker pairs were in the range of 0.3 to 0.99 R². In MLM, 349 significant marker–trait associations were detected as against 642 in GLM because of effectiveness in eliminating false associations in MLM. A total of 68 markers explained >10% phenotypic variation for yield and fibre quality traits. Phenotypic variation explained by markers was smaller, suggesting that they might be associated with minor QTLs.     

Genomic analysis of maize lines introduced in the early stages of a breeding programme

The diversity analysis and screening of major genes using genomewide association studies (GWAS) for quantitative traits have been exploited in several grass crops, but in maize it has been neglected. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of a collection of lines and the potential of genomic analysis as an initial screening tool. For this purpose, a collection of 470 maize inbred lines were genotyped with 23,153 Dart‐seq markers. The genomewide analysis of ear weight was used aiming to perform an initial screening in our germplasm. The diversity analysis allowed the lines to be separated into distinct groups, and most of the lines were in agreement with previous pedigree information. The GWAS revealed ten regions potentially associated with the ear weight trait, one of which was related to drought stress. The results of a multiple marker analysis confirmed four of these regions, presenting a predictive accuracy of 0.6. Based on the molecular data and the results of GWAS, it is possible to infer the potential use of this genetic background for breeding.     

The potential of genomic‐assisted breeding to improve Fusarium head blight resistance in winter durum wheat

Durum wheat is the most important tetraploid wheat mainly used for semolina and pasta production, but is notorious for its high susceptibility to Fusarium head blight (FHB). Our objectives were to identify and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTL) in winter durum and to evaluate the potential of genomic approaches for the improvement of FHB resistance. Here, we employed an international panel of 170 winter and 14 spring durum lines, phenotyped for Fusarium culmorum resistance at five environments. Heading date, plant height and mean FHB severity showed significant genotypic variation with high heritabilities and FHB resistance was negatively correlated with both heading date and plant height. The dwarfing gene Rht‐B1 significantly affected FHB resistance and the genome‐wide association scan identified eight additional QTL affecting FHB resistance, explaining between 1% and 14% of the genotypic variation. A genome‐wide prediction approach yielded only a slightly improved predictive ability compared to marker‐assisted selection based on the four strongest QTL. In conclusion, FHB resistance in durum wheat is a highly quantitative trait and in breeding programmes may best be tackled by classical high‐throughput recurrent phenotypic selection that can be assisted by genomic prediction if marker profiles are available.