Marginality and environment in Papua New Guinea: the Strickland River area

Mining in Papua New Guinea has caused considerable controversy, largely due to its environmental impact. This paper examines the debate around the downstream environmental impact of the Porgera gold mine, located in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. It is demonstrated that the greatest international concern and environmental protest is focused on an area that has, by the scientific accounts, the lowest environmental risk. In seeking explanations for this, attention is drawn to the marginality (in absolute and relative terms) of the affected communities, the intermingling of pre and post‐colonial discourses of environment and development, and the role of both international mining companies and environmental non‐governmental organisations in ‘re‐colonising’ rural Papua New Guinea. The communities are seeking to reduce their marginality by actively reworking the material and imagined landscapes (social, environmental, political and economic) they inhabit, drawing on a range of resources, both old and new.     

霍林河矿区的生态修复与建设

文章介绍了矿区资源开发时采掘、废弃、塌陷区、尾矿等几方面对生态环境的影响,阐述了针对性的矿区生态修复和生态区建设措施。     

湘北某镇农田土壤―水稻系统重金属累积和稻米食用安全研究

为研究采矿炼矿活动对农田和稻谷重金属累积的影响,评估其对人体健康的潜在风险,对湖南北部某镇一硫铁矿附近典型污染稻田土壤—水稻系统8种重金属(锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb))含量进行监测。结果表明:该冶炼厂附近稻田土壤Cd污染最严重,单因素污染指数达12.85,为重度污染;Cu、Zn、Co和Ni为轻度污染。土壤重金属综合污染指数达重度污染。重金属生物富集因子的研究表明:Cd和Mn极易从土壤中被水稻根系吸收,尤其Cd被水稻根系吸收的能力远超其他重金属元素;而Cu、Pb、Co、Cr、Zn和Ni相对不易被水稻根系吸收。重金属在植株组织的分配也表现出差异:Pb、Co、Cu、Cd和Cr被水稻根吸收后,主要蓄积于根部,在根部的浓度百分比分别为82.5%、70.6%、64.8%、59.4%和57.5%;Mn、Zn和Ni被根系吸收后,会迅速向地上部组织迁移。研究区稻田出产的糙米Cd污染严重,Cd的超标率达100%,"镉米"的产出率达53.3%。糙米Cu和Ni的超标率也分别达到了40%和86.7%。若居民食用研究区稻米,每人每日摄入Cd量高于FAO/WHO推荐的标准限值5.9倍,表明研究区稻米存在很大安全风险。     

阳泉市耕地保护与农业发展研究

阳泉市是一个典型的矿区,耕地保护与农业发展的压力比较大。阳泉市耕地数量少且减少快、质量差、撂荒多,在未来的一段时间内,将面临着占用压力大、人口增长压力大、塌陷毁坏多的挑战。因此,耕地保护与建设的途径只能是开发有限的后备资源、建设撂荒地、提高单产等。当前需要划定优质耕地保护区,将最好的耕地保护起来,加强塌陷地治理,保护现有耕地,加强水浇地建设和中低产田改造,并且要积极推广农业新技术。     

Conservation importance of limestone karst outcrops for Palaeotropical bats in a fragmented landscape

Limestone karst landscapes are important for biodiversity yet are increasingly threatened by development activities such as mining. Furthermore, karsts are often scattered and isolated by agriculture, and are rarely considered in landscape planning because of a paucity of biodiversity data. We determined the conservation significance of an isolated limestone karst outcrop for insectivorous bats by quantifying the influence of this roosting resource on local assemblage structure across a fragmented landscape in peninsular Malaysia. Using a combination of rank abundance, gradient and randomisation analyses, we demonstrate that bat assemblages at nine forest sites are structured following a spatial gradient of increasing distance from a karst roosting resource. The assemblage at our karst site was dominated by a superabundance of three cave-roosting species, two of which were also found to dominate assemblages up to 11 km away. Cave-roosting bats exhibited a significant decay in abundance related to the distance from karst, with sites closest to karst also characterised by a rarity of tree cavity/foliage-roosting species that were otherwise common. Gradient analysis revealed that differences in assemblage composition were largely associated with the distance from the karst and, to a lesser extent, forest isolation and area. Our findings suggest that isolated karst outcrops can serve as important population reservoirs for cave-roosting bats, which subsidise diversity levels in forest fragments that might otherwise be expected to decline over time. While conservation efforts need to focus on maintaining large areas of connected forest, landscape management needs to ensure protection of karsts as point resources for cave-roosting bats.     

干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地绿化结构——以神东矿区为例

调查了神府东胜矿区23个绿地42种8464株树木,并对其绿化结构作了分析。结果表明:(1)神东矿区单位附属绿地42种树木中落叶阔叶乔木树种20种,常绿针叶树6种,花灌木16种,树种以新疆杨、垂柳、国槐、圆柏和玫瑰、紫丁香为主,种类和株数最多的样地是上湾煤矿;(2)神东矿区绿地以小树为主,树高小于10m的树占67.92%,胸径小于10cm的占52.86%;(3)绿化覆盖率和密度均较低,平均值分别为16.54m2、9.09株/100m2,绿化覆盖率最高的样地是大柳塔煤矿居住区,上湾小学绿地密度最大,为36.27株/100m2,神东公司等单位的生活小区绿地密度普遍不高(4)树种整体生长良好,平均健康等级为0.82,神东公司等单位的生活小区绿地树木生长较机关单位绿地差;(5)单位面积绿地绿量较小,平均值只有10.91m2/m2,且机关单位绿量较职工生活区大,其中上湾小学最大,为206.84m2/m2。       

武夷山金属矿区4种野生真菌重金属污染评价

对采自武夷山多金属矿区的3份土壤样品和4份大型真菌标本(绯红密孔菌、蘑菇、大环柄菇、云芝)进行了重金属含量检测,结果表明这些土壤样品达到轻度或重度污染(综合污染指数PN分别为1.39,1.52,3.88);采自武夷山多金属矿区的大型真菌可能含有超量的某种重金属,不宜食用或药用,以免危害人体健康;1株蘑菇属大型真菌对土壤Hg的富集系数高达70倍,具有较大的研究价值。     

浅论煤矿开采新技术

我国是一个煤炭资源极为丰富的国家,煤炭资源也是我国社会生产最主要的能源之一。煤矿的开采历史悠久,其随着社会科技的进步与发展,不断涌现出新的采矿技术,同时被应用在现代煤矿开采作业中。使用新的煤矿开采技术不但能够极大的提高煤矿的开采效率,煤矿的经济效益,还对保护生态环境,减少生态破坏有着重要的意义。现本文就主要分析了几种较为先进的新型煤矿开采技术,以供读者交流参考。     

矿区开采对草地生态功能的影响

生态系统服务功能是生态系统的主要特征,影响着人们的生活质量。矿业开采作为能短时间获得大量价值的行为对于生态环境的破坏是巨大的,极大的影响人类的生存与发展。本文综述了矿区开采对于生态环境的多方面影响,包括其对于生物多样性的破坏,对于生存环境的巨大影响等方面,提出要加强对矿业开采活动的监管,加强治理矿区污染的技术研发,开发多种生态服务功能等保护治理措施与建议。     

鸡西地区[树]麻雀组织中铅、镉、铬的残留量

测定了黑龙江省滴道矿区、鸡西市区和凤凰山自然保护区(对照区)3个区域内,[树]麻雀(Passermontanus)4种组织中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)和铬(Cr)的残留量。3种元素在3个区域内的分布规律大多表现为矿区>市区>保护区,而且大多存在显著的区域性差异,但心脏内的Cd和Cr除外。成鸟的残留量大多高于幼鸟,羽毛中的Cd存在显著的年龄差异。4种组织中,肝脏和初级飞羽中残留量最高,胸肌中的残留量最低。