小兴安岭红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律及主要影响因素

目的: 揭示红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律,探究其在不同生长阶段的主要影响因素,为理解树龄、环境因子和功能性状在树木生长和经营中的重要性提供科学依据。方法: 于黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区内采集不同树龄（16~285年）红松样树65株,采用胸高断面积生长率（BAGR）表征树木径向生长,测定树木所处的环境因子（光照强度、土壤养分、土壤含水量、土壤pH）和功能性状（叶、枝、根性状）,探究红松胸高断面积生长随树龄的变化规律及主要影响因素。结果: 1） 红松BAGR随树龄增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,树龄小于220年时BAGR随树龄增加而增大,大于220年时BAGR随树龄增加而减小;2） 树龄、光照强度和土壤pH对红松幼龄树（16~100年）BAGR存在正向影响,比叶面积对幼龄树BAGR存在负向影响;3） 土壤氮含量和木质密度对红松中龄树（100~220年）BAGR存在显著负向影响;4） 树龄显著抑制红松老龄树（大于220年）胸高断面积生长,根氮含量及多年生针叶单位质量氮和磷含量促进老龄树胸高断面积生长,且根氮含量的影响更加显著。结论: 树龄、环境因子和功能性状共同驱动红松径向生长,影响效果随树龄变化而异;限制红松生长的资源条件随树龄增加由光照转为土壤养分和自身生理因素。     

Changes in the chemical composition of water percolating through the soil profile in a moderately polluted catchment

Throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), soil solution below the organic layer (SS_org) and at 50 cm depth (SS₅₀), and output with stream water (SW) were measured and analyzed for four years in a moderately polluted forest catchment in southern Poland. The input of water with stemflow was ca. 6% of input with TF. However, due to higher concentrations of most ions in SF, the input of most elements with SF was from 8% to 9%. Sulphate (SO₄ ^2–), chloride (Cl^–) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were the only ions steadily increasing in concentrations in water percolating through the soil profile. Nitrogen reached the forest floor mainly as ammonium (NH₄ ⁺). In the soil organic layer the NH₄ ⁺ concentration decreased, while concentrations of nitrate (NO₃ ^–) and hydrogen (H⁺) increased, probably due to nitrification. For NO₃ ^–, sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺), the highest concentrations were found in SS_org and SW. This indicates both efficient cycling in the biotic pool of the ecosystem and intensive weathering processes in the mineral soil below the plant rooting zone. The latter was especially pronounced for Mg and Ca. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were the highest in SS_org and SS₅₀. As this was accompanied by a low pH and constant input of H⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and heavy metal ions to the catchment area, it may pose a serious threat to forest health.     

黄花菜根系活力及营养物质的周年变化研究

黄花菜根系中的碳素营养贮藏物是蔗糖及少量还原糖，无淀粉的存在。氮素营养来源于秋季植株叶片氮化物的回流及纤细根的吸收。根系中的碳素和氮素营养，在春季转化成氨基酸，供新株萌发生长。根系中，纤细根活力最强，纺锤根最弱。纤细根是吸收器官、肉质根是贮藏器官，根状茎的贮藏功能较弱。早春幼芽萌发生长时，纺锤根中碳素营养消耗量最大，圆柱根次之。     

肥料对山旱地核桃叶片矿质元素与光合特性的影响

为给西北山旱地核桃土壤养分管理提供科学依据,以6年生核桃品种‘鲁光’为试料,采用随机区组设计方法,研究不同肥料(核桃专用肥ZY_1、核桃专用肥ZY_2、复合肥FH、不施肥CK)处理对山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量和光合特性的影响,并探讨核桃叶片矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量及净光合速率(Pn)间的相关性。结果表明:不同肥料处理下核桃叶片Pn日变化均呈双峰曲线,4个肥料处理按照光合性能由强到弱排列依次为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。CO_2饱和浓度下的最大净光合速率比饱和光强下的高,说明核桃叶片强光下(接近或超过光饱和点)光合速率的增加主要是受CO_2供应的限制。叶片矿质营养中大量及中量元素含量均为ZY_1处理最高,CK最低;微量元素中除Fe元素含量ZY_2处理高于ZY_1处理外,Mn、Cu、Zn含量均为ZY_1处理最高,其次为ZY_2处理,CK最低。4个肥料处理按照叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)含量由高到低排列依次均为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。核桃叶片的各矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量和Pn之间大多呈显著正相关(P0.05)。其中,N含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P0.01),Mg含量与叶绿素b含量的相关性达显著水平(P0.05),叶绿素b含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P0.01),相关系数为0.757。综合来看,核桃专用肥优于复合肥,能显著提高山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量,有效提高叶片的光合能力,且ZY_1肥料效果最佳。     

稀土对刺槐苗木生理特性影响的研究

稀土对刺槐苗木生理特性影响的研究赵兰勇,梁玉堂（山东农业大学林学院泰安２７１０１８）王九龄（北京林业大学北京１０００８３）关键词稀土,刺槐,光合速率,叶绿素含量,水分利用效率,矿质元素含量近年来,稀土元素在农业上的应用研究越来越受到人们的重视,并且已...     

Tolerance of Two Hydroponically Grown Salix Genotypes to Excess Zinc

Woody cuttings from two Salix genotypes (genotype I—clone LUC-31, Salix alba and genotype II- clone STOTT, Salix viminalis) were grown hydroponically for 14 days at increasing concentrations of Zn: control, 50, 100 or 150 μ M Zn. Genotype tolerance to excess zinc (Zn) was evaluated using a root elongation test. The changes in growth, Zn, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations as well as photosynthetic performance were used as additional evaluation criteria. Photosynthetic pigments concentrations in Zn-exposed cuttings of genotype II decreased as compared with genotype I, which corresponded well with the higher leaf Zn accumulation, decreased Fe concentrations as well as lowered photosynthetic rate. Based on the indicators used, genotype I (Salix alba) was classified as more tolerant to excess Zn than genotype II (Salix viminalis).     

Evaluation of elemental depletion weathering rate estimation methods on acid-sensitive soils of north-eastern Alberta, Canada

Immobile element-based weathering estimation methods assume that Zr (or Ti) is an immobile element, and that weathering rates of other elements can be estimated according to the enrichment of Zr in weathered horizons relative to an unweathered parent material. This approach was used to estimate base cation weathering rates for 33 soil profiles on acid-sensitive terrain in north-eastern Alberta. Zirconium generally showed enrichment within the rooting zone, but the deepest (subsoil) samples were not always associated with the lowest Zr concentrations. Weathering rates estimated with the Zr depletion and Pedological Mass Balance (PMB) methods were generally low (ranges: 0-51 and 0-58 mmol_c m^− 2 yr^− 1, respectively); however, low base cation oxide concentrations and heterogeneity within soil profiles complicated weathering rate calculations and net base cation gains were calculated for several (six) sites. Evaluation of the Zr depletion and PMB weathering estimates against those calculated with the process-oriented PROFILE model at a subset (n = 9) of the sites indicated the estimates were poorly related, with PROFILE rates typically being higher. The effects-based emissions management strategy for acid precursors in this region requires spatial coverage of soil properties (including weathering rates) across a large area, but the apparent limitations associated with the immobile element based methods in this region: identifying representative parent soils and deriving weathering rate estimates comparable to more robust methods are arguments against their candidacy for future use.     

水芹和旱芹的营养成分分析

以常规方法对毕节水芹菜和旱芹菜的营养成分含量进行测定和比较分析.结果表明:水芹菜的蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素E、胡萝卜素、钾、钙、磷、铜和硒的含量均比旱芹菜高;而碳水化合物、粗纤维、维生素A、维生素C、钠、铁、镁和锌的含量则比旱芹菜低.