水稻籽粒灌浆充实研究进展

为加强水稻籽粒灌浆过程中糖类代谢途径生理因子和遗传因子的研究,更好了解灌浆充实内在信息,以促进水稻高产优质品种的选育及相应栽培措施的制定.对水稻籽粒灌浆充实特性、影响灌浆充实的生理因素、相关酶活性和同化物转运基因研究以及相关籽粒灌浆充实QTL定位等进行综述,并对水稻籽粒灌浆充实研究方向进行展望,提出分子水平上解析灌浆相关性状的遗传机制的可能性.     

Revised soil parameter estimates for the soil types of the world

Abstract. A revised set of physical and chemical parameter estimates is presented for the soil units of the world, as described by the two FAO soil legends (version 1974 and 1988). The study is based on 9607 soil profiles, which include profiles held in version 1.0 of the WISE database. Upon a screening of data integrity and comparability of analytical methods, derived statistics were generated for 28 soil chemical and physical attributes identified as being useful for assessment of land suitability, crop growth simulation datasets, and analyses of global environmental change.     

Geographical information systems as a tool in the control of heartworm infections in dogs and cats

Geospatial tools (e.g., geographical information systems, remote sensing, global positioning systems, and virtual globes) are very useful for the simultaneous visualization of health data with environmental data, which holds promise to understand environmental-health linkages and to generate new hypotheses to be tested in future research. Current epidemiological studies clearly show that the distribution patterns of vector-borne infections are changing; for example, in Europe, heartworm infection and subcutaneous dirofilariosis are spreading throughout areas that previously had little to no incidence of heartworm. In view of the changes of the distribution patterns of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, geospatial tools are now more useful for mapping (including territorial sampling), monitoring, ecological analysis, risk assessment, forecasting (including the choose of the timing of treatment), early warning, and surveillance of both heartworm and subcutaneous dirofilariosis. All these issues have control of these infections as the ultimate goal.     

Breeding and biotechnological efforts in Jatropha curcas L. for sustainable yields

Jatropha is a non-edible, important bioenergy plant, which can grow in marginalized land. The seeds possess about 36% oil and this would be converted into biodiesel or biojet-fuel. Jatropha provides an option for sustainable feed and fuel production due to its inherent qualities including hardy nature, drought tolerance and surviving with limited amount of water, tolerance to unfavorable conditions and excessive moisture. However, heterozygosity, low productivity and poor understanding of its genome are the major impediments to elite line development. Further, classical breeding and advanced technological investments remain limited owing to long juvenile phase and breeding cycles. Scientific technologies that lead to identification of elite genotypes and development of high yielding elite Jatropha lines and effective methods of detoxification of seeds needs immediate priority. Efficient tissue culture system, doubled haploids (DH) and genomic tools are increasingly made available to improve the seed yield and its oil quantity through the development of geminivirus disease resistant lines. The application of advanced, sequencing technologies has presented a repertoire of genomic information for this important yet orphan crop. In the present investigation, we highlight the achievements made in Jatropha towards development of high yielding, virus resistant elite lines and hybrids with yield potential ranging from 3 to 5 tons per hectare in a year, which is a first ever report in the world. We also developed potential biotechnological tools such as genetic transformation, genome editing and next generation genomics tools including linkage maps and QTLs for accelerating breeding efforts through marker assisted selection. Because of our concerted and continuous efforts during the past 15 years, we have overcome all the obstacles and developed high yielding, disease resistant hybrids/lines, advanced cultivation technologies with thorough knowledge on Agronomy of the Jatropha crop. The Jatropha cultivation technology developed for the first time in the world, could open up new avenues for higher yield productivity of commercial viability.     

不同统计遗传模型QTL定位方法应用效果的模拟比较

分子遗传和数量遗传的结合,发展了QTL定位研究。随着定位方法与软件的建立和完善,QTL定位的研究越来越多。准确定位的QTL可用于分子标记辅助选择和图位克隆,而假阳性QTL将误导定位信息的应用。本文分析了迄今主要定位方法(软件)对于各种遗传模型数据的适用性。应用计算机模拟4类遗传模型不同的重组自交系群体(RIL),第一类只包含加性QTL;第二类包含加性和上位性互作QTL;第三类包含加性QTL和QTL与环境互作效应;第四类包含加性、上位性互作QTL和QTL与环境互作效应。每类按模拟QTL个数不同设两种情况,共分为8种数据模型(下称M-1～M-8)。选用WinQTLCart 2.5的复合区间作图(下称CIM)、多区间作图前进搜索(MIMF)、多区间作图回归前进选择(MIMR)、IciMapping 2.0的完备复合区间作图(ICIM)、MapQTL 5.0的多QTL模型(MQM)以及QTLnetwork 2.0的区间作图(MCIM)6种程序对8种不同遗传模型的RIL进行QTL检测。结果表明,不同程序适用的遗传模型范围不同。CIM和MQM只适于检测第一类模型;MIMR、MIMF和ICIM只适于检测第一类和第二类模型;只有MCIM适于检测所有4类遗传模型;因而不同遗传模型数据的最适合检测程序不同。由于未知实际数据的遗传模型,应采用在复杂模型程序,如QTLnetwork 2.0,扫描基础上的多模型QTL定位策略,对所获模型用相应模型软件进行验证。     

DNA序列映射方法对蛋白质编码区预测准确率的影响

[目的]探讨当前主要的DNA序列映射方法对蛋白质编码区的预测准确率的影响,寻找有效的映射方法。[方法]以AC（Approximate Correlation）为碱基层的预测准确率的测度,采用FIR（Finite Impulse Response）窄通带滤波器预测算法研究各种映射方法对预测准确率的影响。[结果]在ALLSEQ和HMR195 2个DNA序列集上,Voss法和Z-curve方法是较PN（Paired Numeric）法、EIIP（Electron-Io Interaction Potential）法和复数法更为有效的映射方法。[结论]该研究结果为用预测结果的AC值来验证新映射方法的有效性奠定了基础,对利用生物信息学方法正确揭示DNA序列的结构具有重要意义。     

在河南县集体林权制度改革中的ArcMap应用

以地理信息系统ArcMap为平台,以河南县集体林权制度改革中集体林地宗地图的绘制为例,介绍ArcMap在林改制图中的应用技巧。重点阐述了地形图的校正与拼接方法、集体林地宗地图绘制的程序及出图过程。     

土壤数据源和制图比例尺对旱地土壤有机碳储量估算的影响

明确不同来源土壤剖面数据建立的大、中、小系列制图比例尺对旱地有机碳储量估算的影响对于全球碳循环研究具有重要意义。以江苏北部(简称"苏北地区")3.9×106多hm2旱地为例,系统分析了我国目前常用《县级土种志》、《地级市土种志》、《省级土种志》和《中国土种志》中记录的土壤剖面数据分别建立的1∶5万、1∶25万、1∶50万、1∶100万、1∶400万和1∶1 000万数据库对有机碳储量估算的影响。结果表明,与数据最详细、记录有983个土壤剖面的《县级土种志》1∶5万尺度有机碳密度和储量相比,其他土壤数据源建立的不同制图尺度数据库相对偏差分别在1.94%~23.53%与0.02%~22.86%之间,T检验表明大多数制图尺度土壤数据库的估算结果与《县级土种志》1∶5万尺度之间存在极显著差异(p0.001),这说明在今后国家或区域尺度土壤有机碳储量估算中选择适宜的土壤数据源和制图尺度是非常重要的。     

植物基因分离的图位克隆技术

传统的基因功能克隆、表型克隆方法具有基因表达产物不清楚,难以进行相关基因分离等缺点。目前,图位克隆技术日渐成熟,已成为分离基因的有效方法,并在分离不同的植物基因中得到了广泛的应用。本文简要介绍图位克隆技术原理,并详细阐述图位克隆操作的4个重要技术环节：筛选与目的基因紧密连锁的分子标记、目的基因的定位、构建高质量容易操作的大片段基因组文库和目的基因的筛选和鉴定。本文还概述了近年来利用图位克隆技术分离植物基因的研究成果以及最新研究进展,并对图位技术的应用前景作出展望：在不久的将来,在比较基因组学中统一遗传系统理论的指导下,在具有高多态性水平的以PCR为基础的分子标记日趋饱和的背景下,应用图位克隆技术在植物基因克隆研究中必将取得更加辉煌的成果。     

中国土壤微生物组数据平台的构建与实现

近年来,高通量测序等新技术的快速发展,为大规模、快速、准确、全面认识土壤微生物多样性提供了技术保障。国际上已经建成了一些具有影响力的土壤微生物组数据管理及分析平台,但大多数已有平台聚焦于提供数据存储、管理、访问、注释等基础性服务,难以满足土壤微生物研究需求。借助空间数据库技术、网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)技术,设计并构建了包含土壤及微生物数据集成、数据可视化、知识发现和区域空间制图等功能的中国土壤微生物组数据平台,该平台将进一步推动我国土壤微生物组数据的标准化整合,并为整合数据的充分挖掘利用提供支撑。