北美温带玉米杂交种选系的遗传多样性研究

利用SSR标记对北美温带玉米杂交种选育的24个自交系和我国生产应用的10类骨干代表系进行遗传多样性评价。结果表明,54对SSR引物在48份玉米自交系间共检测到290个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出3~9个等位基因,平均为5.4个。每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化于0.29~0.86之间,平均为0.70。标记索引系数(MI)变化范围0.86~7.45,平均为3.86。供试北美温带选系和其他类群的玉米种质均具有较丰富的遗传多样性。3个杂交种选系的遗传相似系数中3号选系最小(0.776),说明3号较其余两个杂交种选系的遗传差异大。根据SSR标记聚类分析、主坐标分析和遗传进化分析结果表明,北美温带选系和其他种质的48份玉米自交系划分为6大类群,分类结果与系谱来源基本一致。     

转录组测序技术在玉米中的应用研究进展

随着功能基因组时代的到来,转录组测序技术快速发展且应用相对广泛。玉米基因组测序的完成,有力地推动着玉米转录组结构的注释和功能的深入解析。简述玉米基因组研究概况以及GS FLX、Solexa GA IIx、SOLiD等测序技术的发展,回顾转录组测序技术在玉米新基因挖掘、分子标记开发、代谢网络、分子进化、miRNAs等相关研究领域上的应用,为玉米复杂农艺性状的分子机制、不同发育阶段基因表达调控网络乃至分子设计育种等工作的深入研究提供参考。     

2001～2012 年国审玉米品种数量及骨干自交系的应用分析

搜集和整理2001～2012年国审普通玉米杂交种及其双亲来源,研究每年国审玉米品种数量的变化趋势,对选育的杂交种在2个以上的亲本自交系进行统计,并分析这些自交系的来源。结果发现,普通玉米杂交种2006年审定的数量最多,2003年其次,2007年以后普通玉米杂交种的审定数量在10～20个。在对2001～2012年间国审玉米杂交种亲本来源的分析发现,共有39个亲本自交系组配2个及其以上杂交种,组配杂交种比较多的自交系依次为吉853>丹598>lx9801>昌7-2>京2416>丹340。     

Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding

More than half of the world's population suffers micronutrient undernourishment. The main sources of vitamins and minerals (iron, zinc, and vitamin A) for low-income rural and urban populations are staple foods of plant origin that often contain low levels or low bioavailability of these micronutrients. Biofortification aims to develop micronutrient-enhanced crop varieties through conventional plant breeding. HarvestPlus, the CGIAR's biofortification initiative, seeks to breed and disseminate crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content that can improve the nutrition of the “hard to reach” (by fortification or supplementation programmes) rural and urban poor in targeted countries/regions. In attempting to enhance micronutrient levels in maize and wheat through conventional plant breeding, it is important to identify genetic resources with high levels of the targeted micronutrients, to consider the heritability of the targeted traits, to explore the availability of high throughput screening tools and to gain a better understanding of genotype by environment interactions. Biofortified maize and wheat varieties must have the trait combinations which encourage adoption such as high yield potential, disease resistance, and consumer acceptability. When defining breeding strategies and targeting micronutrient levels, researchers need to consider the desired micronutrient increases, food intake and retention and bioavailability as they relate to food processing, anti-nutritional factors and promoters. Finally, ex ante studies are required to quantify the burden of micronutrient deficiency and the potential of biofortification to achieve a significant improvement in human micronutrient status in the deficient target population in order to determine whether a biofortification program is cost-effective.     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).     

花期干旱胁迫后限源疏库对玉米光合性能和茎流的影响

开展玉米花期干旱限源疏库试验,探索减轻花期干旱胁迫的技术途径。结果表明,去根叶组叶片可显著减少植株前期茎流,抑制叶片蒸腾,对穗5叶的叶绿素相对含量、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)影响不显著,正常灌溉情况下还有利于延缓玉米花后穗5叶的衰老,并促进后期茎流超补偿;去耕作层1/4根系会加剧前期植株水分的散失,干旱时浅中耕的措施是不可取的,并抑制后期茎流,增大Fv/Fm;去穗虽然可以显著减少茎流,抑制叶片蒸腾,但是因缺少库需求而加速花后穗5叶的叶绿素相对含量、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降,促使叶片衰老。品种间对花期干旱胁迫后不同的限源疏库处理表现出显著差异,这是生物节水和作物补偿生长的生理基础。     

玉米受精和早期子粒发育过程及逆境胁迫对其影响

玉米受精及子粒发育早期是决定穗粒数及粒重的重要时期,也是对环境变化相对较敏感的阶段。受精极核需要经历游离核、细胞化和细胞分化3个阶段形成胚乳,受精卵同样需要一系列的分裂分化形成最终的胚。玉米受精前极易遭受不良环境的影响,导致性器官发育不正常,影响花粉或花丝活力间接影响玉米受精过程。受精过程中的环境胁迫会通过阻碍花粉与花丝的识别、减缓花粉管在花丝中的延伸速率影响受精过程。子粒发育早期主要是受精极核分裂分化形成胚乳、受精卵分裂分化形成胚的过程,该阶段遭受环境胁迫下,胚乳细胞分裂受阻影响子粒库容。研究表明,逆境胁迫条件下,玉米的受精及子粒早期发育过程与碳水化合物的代谢以及激素的合成密切相关。     

张家口市污水处理厂植物景观设计

以张家口市污水处理厂植物景观设计为例,通过对工厂环境设计理念的分析,介绍了在厂区不同区域采用适宜的植物品种及各具特色的植物配植方式,通过植物造景来营造一个清新、优美、舒适的现代花园式厂区环境.     

Preserving Indiana's Agricultural History

ABSTRACT

Maize gruel was prepared by traditional and improved methods. Improved maize gruel (IMGF) took less time (24 hours) than traditional maize gruel (TMGF) (72 hours) to prepare. TMGF was lower in protein (6.7%) than IMGF (11.4%). A higher yield was observed for IMGF (99.4%) than for TMGF (60%). IMGF substituted with okra meal flour at 40% yielded the highest protein (21.9%), fat (13.08%), crude fibre (9.04%), and ash (2.60%). Higher amylograph peak viscosity was noted for TMGF as compared to other ogi (maize gruel) samples.

Sensory scores indicate that none of the samples were rejected, although lower scores were given to fortified ogi samples as the level of fortification was increased. The improvement in the nutritional attributes of maize gruel samples will reduce the problem of protein malnutrition.     

河北平原中低产区小麦与玉米生产现状及增产潜力分析

本文基于2000—2013年MODIS/NDVI遥感信息与主要粮食作物的统计数据,分析了河北平原中低产区冬小麦和玉米生产的时空格局,并利用各县粮食作物主要生育期累积NDVI的逐年值、14年的最大值及单产统计数据,采用最小二乘法原理,进行数值曲线拟合,构建了单产遥感估测模型,估算了河北平原中低产区冬小麦和玉米的增产潜力。结果表明:1)冬小麦在邯郸和衡水的最大生产力水平较高,在沧州、廊坊及邢台中部的最大生产力水平较低,即后者挖掘增产潜力之后也很难达到前者的最大生产力水平;玉米的最大生产力水平普遍较高,挖掘增产潜力后均可达到较高的生产力水平。2)冬小麦和玉米总产增产潜力在沧州和邯郸较大;冬小麦单产增产潜力多低于10%,平均增产356 kg?hm?2(5.87%);玉米单产增产潜力多高于10%,平均增产798 kg?hm?2(12.33%);单产增产潜力区域分布不同,冬小麦为廊坊保定沧州邯郸邢台衡水,玉米为邢台邯郸保定沧州衡水廊坊。3)以河北平原近14年来作物累积NDVI的最大值估算的全区冬小麦增产潜力为3.90亿kg,玉米增产潜力为9.62亿kg,二者合计可增产13.52亿kg,约相当于区域冬小麦和玉米理论可达增产潜力的1/5。本文估测粮食作物增产潜力的方法可以应用于估测多尺度范围、不同作物的增产潜力,研究结果可为相关部门的决策和管理提供依据。