Water and nitrogen interaction on soil profile water extraction and ET in maize-wheat cropping system

In the present study, water and nitrogen interaction on soil profile water extraction and evapo-transpiration (ET) was investigated taking a field experiment on a clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi with four consecutive crops (maize-wheat-maize-wheat) taken from July 2002 to April 2004. Three levels of water regime, namely W1, W2 and W3 referring to limited, medium and maximum irrigation were applied to each crop depending on the seasonal rainfall and the critical crop growth stage. The three water regimes were used with five nitrogen levels from T1 to T5, (T1, 0% N; T2, 75% N; T3, 100% N; T4, 150% N; T5, 100% N from organic source) in a split plot design for the four crops grown in sequence.Significant water and nitrogen interaction was observed for ET and soil profile water extraction pattern. Averaged across nitrogen treatments, ET in W2 and W3 were higher by 17 and 26%, respectively than W1 in maize 2002 and by 12 and 19% in maize 2003. In case of wheat, ET in W2 and W3 were higher by 27 and 58% than W1 in 1st crop and by 37 and 70% in 2nd crop. The effect of nitrogen regime, however, was prominent in both crops of maize and wheat, with significantly higher profile soil moisture depletion in T4 of each water regime. In all cases, lowest water depletion was observed in control plots receiving 0% N.In both crops, water extraction from surface 60 cm was highest in W3 followed by W2 and W1. In maize, the % extraction from 0 to 60 cm layer varied from 71 to 76% (W1), 70-79% (W2) and 75-82% (W3), whereas the values for wheat were 70-77, 72-79 and 75-83% for W1, W2 and W3, respectively. The 90-120 cm layer contributed only 3-14% to total water extraction in both the crops. From 90 to 120 cm layer, higher extraction was observed in W1 as compared to W3. The extraction values in W1, W2 and W3 in maize were 9-13, 7-14 and 3-9, respectively, whereas the corresponding values in wheat were 8-14, 5-12 and 3-7% for the three water regimes. Effect of nitrogen treatments on water extraction from deeper layer was observed with higher extraction in highest fertilized treatment (T4) as compared to other treatments.     

Subsurface drip irrigation of corn in the United States Mid-South

Although rainfall in the United States Mid-South is sufficient to produce corn (Zea mays L.) without irrigation in most years, timely irrigation has been shown to increase yields. The recent interest in ethanol fuels is expected to lead to increases in US corn production, and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is one possible way to increase application efficiency and thereby reduce water use. The objective of this study was to determine the response of SDI-irrigated corn produced in the US Mid-South. Field studies were conducted at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center at Keiser during the 2002-2004 growing seasons. The soil was mixed, with areas of fine sandy loam, loamy sand, and silty clay. SDI tubing was placed under every row at a depth of approximately 30 cm. Three irrigation levels were compared, with irrigation replacing 100% and 60% of estimated daily water use and no irrigations. The split plot treatment was hybrid, with three hybrids of different relative maturities. Although the 3-year means indicated significantly lower yields for a nonirrigated treatment, no significant differences were observed among the treatments in 2003 or 2004. A large difference was observed in 2002, the year with the least rainfall during the study period, but no difference was detected between the two irrigated treatments in any year. The treatment with the lower water application had the higher irrigation water use efficiency. Although the results of this study suggested that replacing 60% of the estimated daily evapotranspiration with SDI is sufficient for maximum corn yields, additional observations will be needed to determine whether corn production with SDI is feasible in the region and to develop recommendations for farmers choosing to adopt the method. Improved weather forecasting and crop coefficient functions developed specifically for the region should also contribute to more efficient irrigation management.     

基于双目立体视觉的苗期玉米株形测

将田间正常生长的待测玉米植株带土移至测定台上,标定双目立体视觉系统,提取、分割叶片图像,以Douglas-Peucker多边形法逼近叶片边缘,去除两幅对应图像中没有匹配关系的多边形顶点,结合投影矩阵计算出叶片边缘点的三维坐标.分别投影叶片边缘点到植株平面和植株水平平面,对投影的离散点分段二次拟合、Cardinal样条插值,得到代表叶片形状的曲线,计算出叶长、叶片着生高度、茎叶夹角、叶片方位角等株形指标.测量实验表明,本方法快速、准确、自动化程度高,能够满足苗期玉米株形测量的要求.     

近红外玉米品种鉴别系统预处理和波长选择方

以7个品种玉米籽粒的鉴别系统为研究对象,对比研究了6种预处理方法和波长选择对模型鉴别能力的影响.结果表明,在被比较的6种预处理方法中,一阶导数方法能够使模型有更好的鉴别性能.使用一阶导数预处理和全光谱区的模型平均正确识别率和正确拒识率最高,分别为98.6%和98%,有5个品种的模型的正确识别率和正确拒识率都达到了100%.波长选择对一阶导数模型没有明显作用,但能使标准正态变量变换和矢量归一化模型鉴别准确度得到较大提高.     

青贮玉米收获机打捆装置自动控制系统设

青贮玉米收获机可在玉米摘穗的同时,将切碎的秸秆打成圆捆,以便于青贮.为提高作业效率、简化机手操作流程,设计了一套喂料与送绳自动控制系统,该系统由传感检测元件、控制电路及执行机构3部分组成.采用四路换向开关作为传感检测元件,并结合RS去抖电路,可有效提高控制系统工作可靠性.执行元件为两电磁离合器,接收控制电路的输出信号,完成对喂料和送绳过程的实时控制.试验表明:该系统工作安全、可靠,料捆成捆率达到1009%;与手动控制方式相比,有效强化了料捆密度控制的准确性,使机具的作业效率提高20%.     

用籼/籼交重组自交系群体构建的分子遗传图谱及其与籼/粳交群体的分子图谱的比较

为了最终实现对籼稻数量性状基因位点 (QTLs)精确定位 ,用一个包含 1 31个系的籼 /籼交重组自交系群体 (F6∶7)构建了分子遗传连锁图谱。该图谱含由 1 1 3个水稻探针、2 8个小麦探针揭示的 1 6 0个RFLP标记和由 5个PstⅠ /MseⅠ引物组合揭示的 78个AFLP标记。群体的杂合性比率接近期望值 ,表明该群体具有正常的遗传结构。在 6个染色体区域观察到标记的偏分离 ,表明即使在亚种内群体中也可能发生标记的偏分离。本图谱的总长度为 1 4 35 8cM ,相邻标记间的平均距离为 6 38cM。由于采用了一套日本水稻基因组计划 (RGP)的RFLP标记 ,使本图谱能与RGP图谱进行比较。结果表明 ,两个图谱上的共同标记所覆盖图谱总长度几乎相同 ;在水稻 1 2条染色体中的 9条表现完全的连锁保守性。此外 ,水稻的第 1号染色体与小麦的第 3组染色体具有很强共线性。但是 ,两个图谱间也存在明显的差异 ,在 1S、1L、4L和 8L 4个染色体臂上发现 4个小倒位 ;除第 5号和第 6号染色体外的其他染色体上共检测到 1 9个新的位点。籼稻亲本间在染色体臂 2S、7S、1 0L和 1 1S 4个区域的RFLP多态性很低或没有 ,从而导致籼稻图谱在这些区域呈现空白。在这个籼稻图谱中 ,未检测到第 1 1号和 1 2号染色体间的重复性。还就稻属在基因组进化中的染     

玉米大斑病抗性基因SNP基因芯片分析

利用SNP基因芯片(56 110个SNP)对3对玉米大斑病Ht3近等基因系进行检测分析。借助生物信息学和比较基因组学方法,确定了29个相关数量抗性候选基因,均分布于2、3、7、9号染色体;14个候选基因与各类酶活性、能源合成、金属离子、DNA合成修饰、抗逆等功能相关。其中,GRMZM2G058197位于7号染色体bin7.04区域166087520-166091392,与玉米大斑病质量抗性基因Ht3基因位置相吻合。     

基于排水法测量玉米子粒体积的方法研究

根据“排水法”的原理,设计一种简易体积测量器,在装满已知密度溶液的容器中加入玉米子粒,称取排出液体的质量,可换算成子粒体积。该方法准确可靠,操作方便,效率高。结果表明,用测量器测得的钢珠体积与钢珠真实体积之间相对误差较小,能够满足测量所需要的准确度,测量器测量的钢珠体积和其真实体积的相关系数达到0.999 1。利用24份体积有差异的玉米杂交种子粒各30粒进一步验证,简易体积测量器和量筒分别测得的每份玉米子粒体积接近,相对误差较小,相关系数达到0.998 1。新设计的子粒体积测量方法,不仅用于玉米子粒体积的测量,也可用于其他作物子粒体积的测量。     

玉米ZmCPB1基因的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

从玉米中克隆ZmCPB1基因的cDNA序列,全长1 446 bp,编码481个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子量为54.05 KD,等电点为8.59。生物信息学分析表明,ZmCPB1蛋白N端有跨膜结构,是跨膜蛋白。蛋白质二级结构含有48.44%的α-螺旋、4.99%的β-转角、10.60%的延伸链以及35.97%的无规则卷曲,该蛋白定位于内质网中。序列比对结果显示,ZmCPB1蛋白含有与子粒发育相关的保守区VKFVHRKALK。系统进化树分析表明,该蛋白与高粱、谷子、水稻和大麦的同源蛋白亲缘关系最近,同属一个亚支。实时荧光定量PCR分析ZmCPB1基因的表达模式,结果表明,ZmCPB1基因在3叶期的根、茎、叶以及雄穗和苞叶中表达量较低,在雌穗中的表达量较高。在玉米子粒发育的不同时期,ZmCPB1基因的表达量呈现一定的规律变化,在授粉后0～10 d,表达量逐渐达到最高峰,之后开始下降,在授粉15 d后降到较低水平。初步判断ZmCPB1基因与玉米子粒早中期发育有关。     

长治地区玉米丝黑穗病发生原因与防治对策

2001年玉米丝黑穗病在山西省长治地区发生严重,造成发病面积约2 000hm²,玉米产量损失严重.本文对该病发生概况、症状、发生原因进行了叙述,结合当地调查结果,提出了防治对策。