磷酸盐诱导黄瓜系统抗病中主要酶活性的变化

黄瓜幼苗第２叶喷施７５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫ２ＨＰＯ４溶液之后,叶片中几丁质酶、β－１,３－葡聚糖酶和过氧化物酶活性明显升高,并诱导第３,４,５叶片中几丁质酶、β－１,３－葡聚糖酶活性增强,从而抵制以后炭疽菌（Ｃｏｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｌａｇｅｎａｒｉｕｍ）的侵入。但过氧化物酶活性仅在叶片受到直接诱导时才增强。上述结果表明,几丁质酶、β－１,３－葡聚糖酶活性与诱导系统抗病直接相关,而过氧化物酶活性仅与局部诱发抗病有关。喷施７５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫ２ＨＰＯ４溶液能安全、有效地诱导黄瓜抵抗炭疽病。     

盐胁迫对4种禾本科牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过NaCl溶液(0、1.5、3.0、6.0、9.0g/L)处理4种禾本科牧草种子,测定了种子萌发和幼苗生长有关指标。结果表明:美洲狼尾草较耐盐,在9.0g/L盐溶液处理下比其它品种维持了高的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,并且其相对值高,以及较高的相对苗长和根长,盐处理显著提高几种牧草幼苗质膜相对透性,总体上降低胚乳的利用速度和利用效率。     

平阳霉素对花生体细胞胚胎发生的影响

本文对花生离体培养高频率体细胞胚(体胚)诱导方法,及平阳霉素(PYM)对体胚发生的抑制作用进行了研究,旨在为以PYM作为化学诱变剂进行花生离体诱变提供有效方法.以花生品种花育20号和花育22号成熟种子的胚小叶为外植体,在添加不同浓度2,4-D(0,5,10,15,20mg/L)的MSB5(MS无机盐+B5有机成分)培养...     

秸秆还田下生物炭和硫酸铵对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

【目的】以江淮地区麦茬稻田为对象,研究秸秆还田下不同施肥处理对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响,并结合水稻产量计算不同处理综合温室效应（GWPs）和温室气体强度（GHGI）。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理2个水平,为秸秆还田（S）和秸秆移除（NS）,副处理4个水平,分别为不施氮肥（CK）、传统施肥（T0）、生物炭与尿素配施（T1）和单施硫酸铵（T2）,共计8个处理,采用静态暗箱GC气相色谱法检测不同处理稻田N2O和CH4排放通量,测定土壤温度、湿度和无机氮含量,统计水稻产量,计算综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结果】无论是秸秆还田还是移除条件下,除CK外,其他施肥处理的 N2O和CH4排放通量都会在基肥和追肥施用后出现峰值。无论秸秆还田与否,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施和单施硫酸铵处理均能显著降低N2O和CH4累积排放通量。在秸秆还田和移除条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施处理均会导致水稻产量显著降低,但会提高土壤NO-3含量,增加对周围水体污染的风险。在秸秆移除和还田条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,单施硫酸铵均能显著增加水稻产量,增幅分别为12.27%和7.78%。与秸秆移除相比,秸秆还田条件下单施硫酸铵会显著促进N2O排放,但显著降低CH4的排放以及综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结论】在目前秸秆还田造成CH4排放增加的背景下,用硫酸铵替代尿素能显著降低CH4排放,并提高水稻产量,降低综合温室效应,施用效果最佳。     

荔枝DFR基因的克隆及其序列分析

采用同源克隆的方法从荔枝果皮中克隆得到一个二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶（DFR）基因,该基因开放阅读框全长1062bp,编码353个氨基酸．基因组扩增得到长度为2321 bp的片段,分析发现：该基因含有5个内含子,分别在119-255、426-1158、1353-1470、1632-1819、2013-2095bp之间．通过系统发育分析发现,该基因编码的蛋白与山葡萄、海棠和山竹子等果树具有较近的亲缘关系．     

苹果氮素营养研究 Ⅴ.不同形态~(15)N的吸收、运转特性

在盆栽条件下利用~(1)N示踪物——(~(15)NH_4)_2SO_4,Ca(~(15)NO_3)_2及~(15)NH_4NO_3与NH_4~(15)NO_3研究苹果植株对不同形态氮肥的吸收、运转特性及不同季节的吸~(15)N特性。结果表明在分别施用Ca(~(15)NO_3)_2、(~(15)NH_4)_2SO_4及~(15)NH_4NO_3时,植株的吸~(15)N量除根系外,以(~(15)NH_4)_2SO_4最多。但是采用同一形态~(15)N肥标记不同离子(~(15)NH_4NO_3与NH_4~(15)NO_3)的示踪物作试验时,植株吸收的~(15)N量,不论是春季还是夏季均是~(15)NO_3—N高于~(15)NH_4—N。~(15)NH_4—N分配到枝、干与根系中的量比~(15)NO_3—N少30～40%新梢与叶片中的~(15)N量随季节的不同而不同,春季二者差异小,约少10～20%,夏季差异增大,分别少70%与40%。不同季节~(15)N的运转方向不同,但不同形态~(15)N的运转规律是一致的。春季主要运向叶片,新梢、细根等新生器官,枝、干中的~(15)N量仅占叶片的5%,夏季根系与枝、干的~(15)N量显著上升,约比春季增加100～150%,而叶片中~(15)N量显著下降,尤为中、短梢上的叶与春季相比下降85%左右。说明春追氮利于叶片、新梢等新生器官的建造,夏追氮则利于根系的第二次生长及枝、干的加粗生长与芽的分化。本文为进一步揭示NH_4—N与NO_3—N作氮源时,对苹果树生长发育过程中物质代谢与植株形态的相互作用的研究打下了基础。     

Involvement of TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome in contrast medium-induced inflammation and injury in renal tubular epithelial cells

AIM: To investigate whether Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were involved in contrast medium (CM)-induced inflammation and injury in renal tubular epithelial cells. METHODS: Iopromide was used to injure NRK-52E cells in the study. The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The protein levels of TLR4, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speckle-like protein (ASC), caspase-1 and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot. The releases of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 were detected by ELISA. The apoptotic rate was evaluated by Hoechst staining, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analyzed by JC-1 staining. siRNA was transfected into the NRK-52E cells to silence NLRP3 expression. RESULTS: CM decreased the viability of NRK-52E cells (P<0.05). CM also elevated the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, TLR4, NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 (P<0.05). Silencing NLRP3 attenuated CM-induced releases of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, treatment with TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 or knockdown of NLRP3 by siRNA transfection both attenuated cell apoptosis and loss of MMP caused by CM. CONCLUSION: TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome takes part in the pathogenesis of CM-induced acute kidney injury, and mediates CM-induced injury and inflammation in renal tubular epithelial cells.     

川楝素对妊娠小鼠子宫组织中CD4+/CD8+T细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞的影响

为探讨CD4+、CD8+ T淋巴细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞在流产发生机制中的意义,研究中药单体成分川楝素诱导小鼠流产的作用及机理,本试验给妊娠5 d小鼠连续3 d腹腔注射不同剂量的川楝素溶液,对照组以等量的蒸馏水代替,于妊娠9 d处死.在给药后发现随着注射川楝素剂量的增加,小鼠的流产率逐渐上升,CD4+、CD8+ T淋...     

Comparison of sampling sites and detection methods for Haemophilus parasuis

Objective To improve the isolation rate and identification procedures for Haemophilus parasuis from pig tissues. Design Thirteen sampling sites and up to three methods were used to confirm the presence of H. parasuis in pigs after experimental challenge. Procedure Colostrum‐deprived, naturally farrowed pigs were challenged intratracheally with H parasuis serovar 12 or 4. Samples taken during necropsy were either inoculated onto culture plates, processed directly for PCR or enriched prior to being processed for PCR. The recovery of H parasuis from different sampling sites and using different sampling methods was compared for each serovar. Results H parasuis was recovered from several sample sites for all serovar 12 challenged pigs, while the trachea was the only positive site for all pigs following serovar 4 challenge. The method of solid medium culture of swabs, and confirmation of the identity of cultured bacteria by PCR, resulted in 38% and 14% more positive results on a site basis for serovars 12 and 4, retrospectively, than direct PCR on the swabs. This difference was significant in the serovar 12 challenge. Conclusion Conventional culture proved to be more effective in detecting H parasuis than direct PCR or PCR on enrichment broths. For subacute (serovar 4) infections, the most successful sites for culture or direct PCR were pleural fluid, peritoneal fibrin and fluid, lung and pericardial fluid. For acute (serovar 12) infections, the best sites were lung, heart blood, affected joints and brain. The methodologies and key sampling sites identified in this study will enable improved isolation of H parasuis and aid the diagnosis of Glässer's disease.     

Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.