Effects of stress on endocrine and metabolic processes and redirection: cross talk between subcellular compartments

Recent advances in genome analysis and biochemical pathway mapping have advanced our understanding of how biological systems have evolved over time. Protein and DNA marker comparisons suggest that several of these systems are both ancient in origin but highly conserved into today's evolved species. However, remnants of some of the more ancient functions of these chemical systems can run in conflict with the functions that those same pathways serve in complex organisms and tissue systems today. Relevant to the present topic, nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O₂^•−), ancient cellular molecules in evolutionary terms, are recognized today as both necessary for the well-being and stable health of cells but also injurious to cells as elaborated in conjunction with the cellular stress response. Why the dichotomy? This question underlies one of the basic issues challenging researchers as well as practitioners in their approach to disease management. The fundamental proinflammatory response of the innate immune system of the host is needed for pathogen control but can be injurious to tissues from “collateral damage” from NO- and O₂^•−-derived reactive molecules capable of affecting protein function via post-translational chemical modification. This review highlights newer aspects of the biochemistry of the NO- and O₂^•−-mediated innate proinflammatory response and further show how protein and tissue damage via overproduction of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediary molecules such as peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) might be targeted to specific epitopes of proteins. Changes in the regulation of metabolism in response to proinflammatory disease states are discussed for GH signal transduction and tissue specificity.     

镁的营养作用研究进展

镁是生物体内重要的阳离子,参与了体内所有的能量代谢,催化或激化300多种酶体系。本文综述了镁对动物体脂质过氧化、应激及脂类代谢等方面影响的研究近况,并探讨了其可能的作用机制。     

干旱胁迫条件下不同饲用燕麦品种种子萌发指标比较与评价

本研究采用PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,比较研究了26份饲草型燕麦(Avena sativa L.)种子的萌发特征,利用主成分分析法和隶属函数法进行了综合评价,为抗旱燕麦品种选育提供实验参考。结果表明,与CK相比,15% PEG浓度下,所有材料的发芽率、发芽势、芽长、根长、种子活力指数等指标均显著下降,不同品种之间差异显著。经主成分分析法筛选,发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数为燕麦种质耐旱性评价的主效指标。通过综合评价,'荟峰’、'三星’、'喜韵’为强抗旱品种;'梦龙’、'大富翁’为中等抗旱品种;'甜燕2号’、'挑战者’、'白燕7号’、'甜燕麦青海’、'甜燕70’、'牧乐思’、'进口甜燕’、'禾王’、'当地燕麦’、'莫尼卡’、'巴燕3号’、'燕麦克劳沃’、'甜燕麦’、'摄政王’、'青海444’为弱抗旱品种;'青牧’、'福燕1号’、'喜越’、'青甜1号’、'甜燕1号’、'shooter’为不抗旱品种。     

Research Progress of Effect of Oxidative Stress on Broiler and its Mitigation Technology

Oxidative stress is ubiquitous in livestock and poultry production.When the body is in the situation of harmful stimulation in vitro or in vivo,the oxidation system and antioxidant system are in a state of imbalance,leading to metabolic disorders,which depresses the growth and development of animals,decreases disease resistance and quality of livestock products seriously,and has a negative impact on the production and health of livestock and poultry.So it is important to find an effective measure to alleviate the health of livestock and poultry.Lipoic acid,tea polyphenol,VE and other antioxidants play significant roles in reducing oxidative stress.In this paper,the effects of oxidative stress on broiler and mitigation technology research were outlined.     

自由舔食补饲小苏打在高产奶牛疾病预防中的应用研究

[目的]饲喂碳酸氢钠能够参与反刍动物瘤胃酸碱调节并发挥重要的酸碱平衡作用。试验通过对比高产、中产、低产3个不同群体荷斯坦奶牛每头每日补饲不同剂量小苏打后,观察其对奶牛个体平均泌乳天数和日单产的影响,探究小苏打的最佳补饲量与补饲方法,为我国现阶段高产奶牛的饲管提供有价值的借鉴。[方法]对本场挤奶大厅1 000头泌乳牛连续16个月不间断全群补饲小苏打,以奶牛恶性舔土现象出现的次数以及临床热应激疾病发病数量作为瘤胃酸碱平衡的量化指标,分析各试验组的小苏打补饲量。[结果]高产群、中产群、低产群每头荷斯坦奶牛每日通过自由舔食分别平均获得61 g, 70 g, 80 g的小苏打,加上精饲料中分别提供的174 g, 156 g, 120 g,高产群、中产群、低产群每头每日实际需要量为235 g, 226 g, 200 g。[结论]通过高产奶牛自由舔食补饲小苏打的研究,确认自由舔舐是一种安全有效的小苏打补充方法。添加适合剂量的小苏打能够预防高产奶牛代谢性疾病的发生,有效减少奶牛恶性舔土现象,从而提高奶牛的生产和繁殖性能。     

PEG干旱胁迫对3种葱属植物种子萌发期渗透调节物质及酶活性的影响

为探明东北地区常见野生葱属植物耐旱能力,筛选野生葱属植物耐旱种质资源,本研究以野韭（Allium ramosum L.）、山韭（Allium senescens L.）和蒙古韭（Allium mongolicum Regel）3种葱属植物为材料,采用不同浓度的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,分析其种子萌发期渗透调节物质及酶活性的影响,并结合主成分分析和隶属函数分析比较抗旱性。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,3种葱属植物种子萌发期相对电导率显著升高（P<0.05）,丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。3种植物相比,山韭相对电导率最低,渗透调节物质积累量最高,酶活性变化明显。主成分分析表明,4种酶活性之间显示出强相关性。隶属函数分析得出3种植物种子的抗旱性由高到低依次为：山韭 > 野韭 > 蒙古韭。     

Effect of niacin supplementation in long‐distance transported steer calves

Long‐distance transportation has negative impacts on production and health in cattle. Feed and water are routinely deprived from cattle during transportation. We investigated whether niacin supplementation could improve niacin nutrition and mitigate the adverse effect of transportation with feed and water deprivation in steer calves. We also studied the adverse effect of feed and water deprivation in nontransported steer calves. Twelve calves were assigned to feed and water deprivation for 2 days, or full access to feed and water in experiment 1. Ten calves were assigned to 2‐day transportation with feed and water deprivation, or the transportation with feed and water deprivation, but with supplementation of rumen‐protected niacin at 100 g/day per head in experiment 2. Bodyweight was measured and blood was collected for 32 days in each experiment. Feed and water deprivation temporarily decreased serum glucose concentrations and bodyweight gain. Transportation with deprivation of feed and water caused a temporal decrease in bodyweight gain and serum albumin concentration, and a continuous decrease in serum glucose and total cholesterol concentrations, which was suppressed by niacin supplementation. Niacin supplementation increased blood niacin concentration. These results suggest that niacin supplementation mitigates adverse effects of transportation with feed and water deprivation in steer calves.     

黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2排放研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2释放特征的研究结果表明：“黑土滩”3种不同处理：“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸（BC）,土壤呼吸（BJ）和土壤微生物呼吸（BL）的CO2释放速率日变化具有相似性,均呈现出明显的单峰型特点,且白天大于夜间;CO2释放速率季节动态变化明显,且3者的变化趋势基本一致;“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸与地表温度及5cm地温呈极显著的正相关性（P〈0．01）;而土壤微生物呼吸与0～10cm土壤水分含量相关显著（P〈0．05）。     

3种优势牧草在不同生育期对干旱胁迫的响应

选择松嫩草地上的3种优势牧草羊草(Leymus chinensis)、碱蒿(Artemisia anethifolia)和全叶马兰(Kalimeris integrifolia) ,通过野外干旱胁迫试验、定点实时观测和隶属函数法,研究3种优势牧草在不同生育期内对不同等级干旱胁迫的响应,探究不同等级干旱胁迫对牧草在不同生育期内形态特性的影响及其抗旱能力。结果表明：在牧草同一生育期内,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,株高、叶长、叶绿素含量和产量受到的影响越大,在特旱程度下,3种牧草生长受干旱胁迫影响最严重;同一干旱胁迫处理下,随着生育期推移,株高、叶长、叶绿素含量和产量受干旱胁迫的影响总体呈减少趋势。3种牧草在其生育期内的抗旱性呈现出一定的规律性,羊草在开花期抗旱能力最强,其次是在返青期;全叶马兰在开花期抗旱能力最强,其次是在返青期,在抽穗期最差;碱蒿在开花期抗旱能力最强,其次是在抽穗期,在返青期最差。本研究结果对松嫩草地3种优势草种在不同生育期内遭受不同程度干旱胁迫时采取不同应急方案具有指导作用,也为培育优良耐旱草种及草地生态系统可持续发展提供了一定的参考。     

野菊幼苗对自然干旱胁迫的生理响应

用盆栽法对原产于辽宁本溪的野菊（Dendranthema indicum）幼苗在自然干旱胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。结果表明,渗透调节物可溶性蛋白含量处理期间一直低于对照,后期开始上升并接近对照;可溶性糖与之相反,处理前期急剧上升后期开始下降;丙二醛与相对电导率在处理期间都高于对照,随时间的延长,复水组逐渐接近对照;保护酶系统变化趋势比较一致,都是先上升后下降,最后再上升。本研究认为这种变化前期是植物自我的保护机制,后期的抗氧化酶含量上升可能是植物对环境产生了适应性。综合分析,认为在自然干旱胁迫下野菊有较好的忍耐能力、恢复能力和适应能力,具有较强的抗旱性,可作为良好的园林植物材料应用。