电子束对不同虫态小眼书虱的辐照效应

为了控制小眼书虱对烟草及其它仓储物的危害,利用不同剂量的电子束对不同虫态的小眼书虱进行辐照处理,研究了其辐照效应。结果表明,小眼书虱的卵、若虫、成虫对电子束辐照的敏感性依次降低;100 Gy剂量辐照处理的小眼书虱卵不能孵化;成虫和若虫经辐照后21 d的半致死剂量LD50分别为179.1 Gy和130.9 Gy;300 Gy剂量辐照处理的小眼书虱成虫和若虫分别在63 d和49 d内全部死亡,并且导致成虫不能产生下一代成虫。因此,300 Gy的剂量可以作为电子束辐照防治小眼书虱的参考剂量。     

Long-term effectiveness of grain protectants and structural treatments against Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), a pest of stored products

Numerous strains of the psocid pest, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) were collected from farms and central storages and interbred to form three representative strains from three major grain-growing states of Australia: Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales. These were tested against the grain protectants and structural treatments currently registered for use in Australia. Recently, L decolor has become an important pest of stored grain in Australia, particularly in the eastern and southern parts. There is no published information available on management of this pest and the current pest-management strategy, based predominantly on phosphine fumigation, has failed to control infestations of this pest in numerous grain storages in Australia. Alternative methods of control such as use of contact insecticides were explored in the present work to supplement phosphine fumigation to manage this new pest. From eight grain protectants tested as admixtures, only chlorpyrifos-methyl, bioresmethrin plus piperonyl butoxide, and fenitrothion were found to provide long term (3-9 months) protection against all three strains of L decolor. Chlorpyrifos-methyl gave the best protection, providing a minimum of 7.5 to a maximum of 9 months protection, depending on the strains tested. Three structural treatments, azamethiphos, azamethiphos plus carbaryl and permethrin provided long-term control (8-9 months) of all three strains of L decolor on galvanised steel surfaces, with permethrin delivering 9 months protection against all strains. However, all of these treatments failed to provide long-term control of any strains on concrete surfaces. We conclude that chlorpyrifos-methyl as a grain admixture can be incorporated into fumigation strategies to optimise the control of L decolor infestations. Structural treatments, such as permethrin can be used to support a fumigation strategy in storages made of galvanised steel.     

光果莸挥发油的化学成分及其对两种仓储害虫防治作用

探究光果莸挥发油的化学组成及其对两种仓储害虫的防治效果。利用GC/MS分析光果莸挥发油的化学成分,通过触杀、熏蒸和驱避试验评价光果莸挥发油对两种昆虫的生物活性。结果表明,光果莸挥发油中共鉴定出20种化合物,占总成分的94.08%,主要化合物为反乙酸松香芹酯(36.1%),柠檬烯(23.1%),β-蒎烯(13.6%),邻异丙基甲苯(5.6%),桃金娘烯醛(3.3%)。光果莸挥发油对烟草甲和嗜卷书虱表现出一定触杀作用(半数致死量LD_(50)分别为24.90μg/头和2.74μg/cm~2)和熏蒸活性(半数致死浓度LC_(50)分别为37.62 mg/L air和9.88 mg/L air),且光果莸挥发油对嗜卷书虱具有明显的驱避活性。结果提示,光果莸挥发油具有进一步开发为植物源杀虫剂的潜力。     

Efficacy of grain protectants against four psocid species on maize,rice and wheat

BACKGROUND: Psocids are emerging pests in stored products, particularly in amylaceous commodities such as grains. Currently, their control is based on the use of fumigants and contact insecticides; however, newer data indicate that psocids are tolerant to insecticides used to control other stored‐grain species. This study evaluated the insecticides registered in the USA for use on stored maize, rice and wheat for control of the psocid species Lepinotus reticulatus, Liposcelis entomophila, L. bostrychophila and L. paeta. Mortality of exposed adult females was recorded after 7 and 14 days of exposure, while progeny production was assessed after 30 days of exposure. RESULTS: On wheat and rice, chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin was generally more effective against exposed parental adults than spinosad or pyrethrin, while pirimiphos‐methyl was more effective on maize than spinosad or pyrethrin. In most cases, progeny production was suppressed in the treated grains. Progeny production was consistently lowest on wheat and rice treated with chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and maize treated with pirimiphos‐methyl. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl were the most effective insecticides for all species and commodities. Conversely, efficacy of spinosad or pyrethrum was highly dependent on the psocid species and commodity. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extraction of allyl isothiocyanate from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and its fumigant insecticidal activity on four stored‐product pests of paddy

BACKGROUND: Isothiocyanates (ITCs) extracted from Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., May & Scherb. have been shown previously to have insecticidal activity. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a major component of ITCs with high volatility, was therefore extracted using different methods and tested as a fumigant against four major pest species of stored products, maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium ferrugineum (F.) and book louse Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein). RESULTS: Whereas there was no significant difference between hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction in extraction rate for AITC from A. rusticana, both methods resulted in higher extraction efficiency than water extraction. AITC fumigation showed strong toxicity to the four species of stored‐product pests. Adult mortality of 100% of all four pest species, recorded after 72 h exposure to AITC fumes at an atmospheric concentration of 3 µg mL^?1, showed no significant difference from that of insects exposed to phosphine at 5 µg mL^?1, the recommended dose for phosphine. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest good insecticidal efficacy of AITC against the four stored‐product pests, with non‐gaseous residuals on stored products. AITC obtained from A. rusticana may be an alternative to phosphine and methyl bromide against the four pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国虱属分类研究 Ⅲ.分类与检索

本文是“中国虱属分类研究”系列论文的第３篇,主要介绍了目分亚目、粉亚目分组、纳组分科、虱科分属以及虱属分种团等５个目和虱属研究中常用的检索表。     

嗜卷书虱抗气性与抗药性品系间羧酸酯酶活性的比较

系统报道了重要储藏物害虫嗜卷书虱的气调抗性品系RHCO2,RHCLO和药剂抗性品系RPH3,RDDVP与敏感品系S间的羧酸酯酶的活力、比活力、米氏常数Km和最大反应速度Vmax的差异.结果表明,(1)RHCLO品系CarE的活力最强,是S品系的1．7倍,而RDDVP品系的活力最低,与敏感品系没有显著差异;(2)RPH3品系CarE的比活力最高,比S品系高57．1％,而其他几个抗性品系与敏感品系及它们之间不存在显著性差异;(3)RDDVP品系的Vmax最大,是S品系的1．20倍,而RHCLO品系仅为S品系的46．3％;(4)米氏常数Km以S品系最大,RHCO2品系最小。该项研究的结果明确了不同抗性品系的形成与CarE均有一定的相关性,但是变化的质和量上有很大的差异,这从一定程度上揭示了不同抗性品系间可以形成交互抗性,但交互抗性的程度不同的原因。     

8种植物精油对嗜卷书虱的杀虫活性及香青兰精油的GC-MS成分分析

为筛选新型环保植物源仓储害虫杀虫剂,采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取8种植物精油,滤纸药膜法、密闭空气熏蒸法测定精油对嗜卷书虱成虫的触杀、熏蒸活性,筛选出高活性植物,并用气相质谱-色谱联用仪（GC-MS）对高活性植物精油进行化学成分的分析和鉴定。结果表明：香青兰、窃衣、啤酒花精油对嗜卷书虱具有较强的触杀活性,LD₅₀分别为157.43、349.34和633.07µg/cm²;香青兰、蒌蒿和窃衣精油对嗜卷书虱具有较好的熏蒸活性,LC₅₀分别为0.20、0.70和1.66 mg/L。香青兰精油经GC-MS分析,检测并鉴定到23个化学成分,相对含量占总含量的84.22%,其主要成分为乙酸香叶酯（16.26%）、丁香酚（13.90%）、香叶醛（13.20%）、草蒿脑（7.89%）、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯（8.55%）以及橙花醛（7.60%）。研究结果表明香青兰精油对嗜卷书虱的生物活性较好,值得进一步研究。     

吡丙醚和烯虫酯对嗜卷书虱控制作用的研究

采用饲料混毒法系统测定了吡丙醚和烯虫酯两种昆虫生长调节剂(IGRs)对重要的储藏物害虫嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel若虫和成虫的致死作用,对若虫发育情况、成虫繁殖力和卵孵化率的影响。结果表明,以吡丙醚和烯虫酯10 mg/kg的混毒饲料饲喂嗜卷书虱2龄幼虫49 d后,若虫的死亡率分别为80.00%和31.11%;取食20、10和5 mg/kg吡丙醚的若虫最长存活天数分别为71.0、98.2和116.4 d,而对照仅11.3 d即全部羽化为成虫;取食20 mg/kg以下烯虫酯混毒饲料的若虫一部分仍可羽化成成虫,而且成虫仍可繁殖后代;取食吡丙醚混毒饲料的若虫,60 d后存活下来的若虫大多以超龄若虫的形式存在,而取食烯虫酯的若虫则很少出现超龄若虫。成虫取食烯虫酯(200 mg/kg)和吡丙醚(40 mg/kg)混毒饲料后7 d,死亡率分别为26.67%和23.33%,成虫产卵量分别是对照的39.77%和26.13%,产卵后15 d,卵的孵化率分别是65.71%和8.69%,而对照仅为93.18%。该项研究表明,采用40 mg/kg吡丙醚和200 mg/kg的烯虫酯对嗜卷书虱虫口数量有明显的控制作用。     

嗜虫书虱的有效积温及气调致死作用研究

嗜虫书虱以全面粉及酵母粉饲养时，各虫态发育速率与温度呈逻辑斯蒂曲线关系，高浓度的ＣＯ２是导致该虫死亡的主要因子，其次是温度和Ｏ２浓度。在不影响储粮品质下，适当升高仓内温度，并配以高浓度的ＣＯ２和低浓度的Ｏ２是控制该虫的最佳组合因子。