Differential responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) — Rhizobium combinations to saline soil conditions

Summary Chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) and their symbiosis with specific strains of Rhizobium spp. were examined under salt stress. The growth of rhizobia declined with NaCl concentrations increasing from 0.01 to 2% (w : v). Two Rhizobium spp. strains (F-75 and KG 31) tolerated 1.5% NaCl. Of the 10 chickpea cultivars examined, only three (Pusa 312, Pusa 212, and Pusa 240) germinated at 1.5% NaCl. The chickpea — Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was examined in the field, with soil varying in salinity from electrical conductivity (EC) 4.5 to EC 5.2 dSm^-1, to identify combinations giving satisfactory yields. Significant interactions between strains and cultivars caused differential yields of nodules, dry matter, and grain. Four chickpea — Rhizobium spp. combinations, Pusa 240 and F-75 (660 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and IC 76 (440 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and KG 31 (390 kg ha^-1), and Pusa 312 and KG 31 (380 kg ha^-1), produced significantly higher grain yields in saline soil.     

Effect of successive cuttings on uptake and partitioning of 15N among plant parts of Leucaena leucocephala

Summary We studied the effect of three successive cuttings on N uptake and fixation and N distribution in Leucaena leucocephala. Two isolines, uninoculated or inoculated with three different Rhizobium strains, were grown for 36 weeks and cut every 12 weeks. The soil was labelled with 50 ppm KNO₃ enriched with 10 atom % ¹⁵N excess soon after the first cutting. Except for the atom % ¹⁵N excess in branches of K28 at the second cutting, both the L. leucocephala isolines showed similar patterns of total N, fixed N₂, and N from fertilizer distribution in different parts of the plant at each cutting. The Rhizobium strain did not influence the partitioning of ¹⁵N among the different plant parts. Significant differences in ¹⁵N enrichment occurred in different parts. Live nodules of both isolines showed the lowest atom % ¹⁵N excess values (0.087), followed by leaves (0.492), branches (0.552), stems (0.591), and roots (0.857). The roots contained about 60% of the total plant N and about 70% of the total N derived from fertilizer over the successive cuttings. The total N₂ fixed in the roots was about 60% of that fixed in the whole plant, while the shoots contained only 20% of the fixed N₂. We conclude that N reserves in roots and nodules constitute another N source that must be taken into account when estimating fixed N₂ or the N balance after pruning or cutting plants. ¹⁵N enrichment declined up to about fivefold in the reference and the N₂-fixing plants over 24 weeks following the ¹⁵N application. The proportion and the amounts of N derived from fertilizer decreased, while the amount derived from N₂ fixation increased with time although its proportion remained constant.     

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon

 The phosphate-solubilizing potential of the rhizosphere microbial community in mangroves was demonstrated when culture media supplemented with insoluble, tribasic calcium phosphate, and incubated with roots of black (Avicennia germinans L.) and white [Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.] mangrove became transparent after a few days of incubation. Thirteen phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of both species of mangroves: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Paenibacillus macerans, Vibrio proteolyticus, Xanthobacter agilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter taylorae, Enterobacter asburiae, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Chryseomonas luteola. One bacterial isolate could not be identified. The rhizosphere of black mangroves also yielded the fungus Aspergillus niger. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of the isolates was first qualitatively evaluated by the formation of halos (clear zones) around the colonies growing on solid medium containing tribasic calcium phosphate as a sole phosphorus source. Spectrophotometric quantification of phosphate solubilization showed that all bacterial species and A. niger solubilized insoluble phosphate well in a liquid medium, and that V. proteolyticus was the most active solubilizing species among the bacteria. Gas chromatographic analyses of cell-free spent culture medium from the various bacteria demonstrated the presence of 11 identified, and several unidentified, volatile and nonvolatile organic acids. Those most commonly produced by different species were lactic, succinic, isovaleric, isobutyric, and acetic acids. Most of the bacterial species produced more than one organic acid whereas A. niger produced only succinic acid. We propose the production of organic acids by these mangrove rhizosphere microorganisms as a possible mechanism involved in the solubilization of insoluble calcium phosphate. Received: 21 April 1999     

烟草主要真菌病害生防木霉的筛选

对峙培养结果表明18个木霉菌株对腐霉病（Pythium spp.）、链格孢（Alternaria alternata)、烟草疫霉（Phytophthora par-asitica var.nicotianae)、立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani)和胶孢炭疽菌（Collectotrichum gloeosporioides）均有不同程度拮抗作用,其中以TR13拮抗作用最好。重寄生现象观察结果表明,TR13能够重寄生烟草疫霉、胶孢炭疽菌和立枯丝核菌。     

滚筒式生物反应器固态发酵的应用研究

传统方法生产丹贝（大豆发酵食品）都以静态方式进行固态发酵，发酵过程中热质传递受到一定的限制，会产生温度梯度，且气体组分不均匀，从而导致发酵产品质量不稳定。滚筒式生物反应器的应用可以促进热质传递，使物料均匀发酵，且易于实现机械化生产和扩大生产规模。笔者参予设计制造了450L的滚筒式生物反应器，并利用其进行了固态发酵生产丹贝的应用研究。以2株根霉为发酵剂，进行了静态和动态固态发酵的对照试验，并对发酵过程中物料的化学组分和微生物组成进行了检测。结果表明，滚筒式固态发酵产品质量可靠；不同的菌株对搅动有不同的反应，其中微孢子根霉对搅动有适应能力，适用于滚筒固态发酵。     

省葛藤属根瘤菌的遗传多样性研究

用AFLP、REP-PCR、23SrDNAPCR-RFLP等方法对分离自四川的23株葛藤属的根瘤菌的遗传特性进行了研究。结果表明,供试的葛藤根瘤菌遗传特性存在明显差异。AFLP分析结果显示,23个菌株分为7个AFLP遗传群;在BOXAIR-PCR分析中,23株根瘤菌则被分为5个遗传群;对23SrDNAPCR-RFLP分析表明,葛藤根瘤菌分属于中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)2个属,聚类分析结果将其划分为5个遗传群。分离自四川省的葛藤根瘤菌存在较大的遗传多样性。     

北京玉渊潭公园樱花品种的应用筛选与评价

结合北京气候、土壤条件,以及公园多年引种成功和管护樱花的实践经验,侧重品种适应性、景观应用价值,从花期、形质性状、整体观赏效果、适应性和稀有度等方面进行樱花品种的应用筛选评价,采用层次分析法对北京玉渊潭公园的7个品系30个樱花品种开展评价.评价结果表明,筛选出适应性强、长势好,可在北京地区推广应用的品种包括:山樱、大山樱、阳光、杭州早樱、染井吉野以及江户彼岸等早樱品种10个;松前早咲、八重红大岛和八重红彼岸等中樱品种6个;花笠、普贤象等晚樱品种4个.在北京适宜性稍差,宜背风向阳的小环境下栽植的品种包括八重红枝垂、思川、兰兰、小松乙女等.根据不同品种的花期、适应性、整体观赏效果,提出最佳配置应用方案,为北京地区樱花特色专类园景观设计和品种间的搭配提供参考.     

陕西省木本植物炭疽菌分类研究

报导了发生在陕西省木本植物上的炭疽菌属ＣｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍＣｏｒｄａ３个种，其中包括１个中国新纪录种，即：胶孢炭疽菌Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｇｌｏｅｏｐｏｒｉｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｐｅｎｚ）。Ｓａｃｃ，壳皮炭疽菌Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ（Ｓｐｅｇ．）Ａｒｘ和梭孢炭疽菌ＣｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍａｃｕｔａｔｕｍＳｉｍｍｏｎｄｓ（中国新纪录种）。     

中国南部养殖石斑鱼“肿胀病”的研究

1998年5月至7月间,在中国南部养殖石斑鱼暴发"肿胀病",引起石斑鱼大量发病、死亡.从体表和鳍条的溃疡病灶处分离出2个菌株.形态学观察和生化试验结果表明这2个菌株均为鳗弧菌.将肝、脾、心和肾的上清液接种到CO、FHM、CAB、CK、PG和PC细胞上,没有观察到细胞病变.患病鱼的腹腔中有大量黑色的球状物和腹水,使患病鱼呈现明显的腹部肿胀的症状.组织病理学观察结果表明,这些黑色的球状物由多核细胞组成的增生性组织.     

紫菜种内原生质体的融合和融合体再生

利用酶解法分离出野生型叶状体和红色突变体的坛紫菜原生质体以及条斑紫菜野生型叶状体的原生质体，再用聚乙二醇（PEG）法进行种内原生质体融合，当加入原生质体液内的PEG被稀释除去百，原生质体发生融合并形成许多杂合体，种内原生质体融合率坛紫菜为9.7%-12.4%，条斑紫菜为10%-11.5%。PEG分子量在1540-6000之间，随着分子量的提高，原生质体融合率增高，原生质体融合体被挑出来进行单个培养，经过30天培养坛紫菜的一个杂合体（含一个红色原生质体和一个进驻生型原生质体）再生成一个呈红色和野生色的相嵌叶状体，鸸 个含两个红色原生质体的融合体再生成一个在基部和头部均长假根的叶状体，但来自这个再生体的原生质体只长成具有一个假根的叶状体，从原生质体融保体的再生体以及它们无性繁殖体的结果来看，坛紫菜的种内原生质体融合体可能只发生了细胞质融合，而真正的核融合并没有发生，培养15-20天，条斑紫菜的原生质体融合体先再生成细胞团，然后由细胞团释放出许胞子并萌发成正常野生型叶状体。