Release Rates of Ammonium‐Nitrogen,Nitrate‐Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Magnesium, Iron,and Manganese from Seven Controlled‐Release Fertilizers

Abstract

Samples of seven controlled‐release fertilizers, Nutricote Total 13–13–13, Nutricote Total 18–6–8, Osmocote Plus 15–9–12, Osmocote 13–13–13, Polyon 18–6–12, Polyon 14–14–14, and Plantacote 14–8–15, were placed in leaching columns containing acid‐washed sand. Samples of all leachates were analyzed weekly to determine release rates of ammonium‐nitrogen (N), nitrate‐N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). Release rates for P from all products were slower than those for NH₄‐N, NO₃‐N, and K. Release of Mg, Mn, and Fe was very poor, with less than 50% of the total amount of each of these elements ever being released from the prills for some products. Nutricote products released Fe and Mn more effectively than did Osmocote or Plantacote.     

施用生物有机肥的土壤养分元素分析

[目的]评价生物有机肥料的环境效应,进一步改善生物有机肥的性能。[方法]施用生物有机肥,研究生物有机肥对土壤氨挥发和土壤氮、磷、钾淋溶的影响。[结果]施用生物有机肥后果园根区域土壤氮挥发损失率减少;与施用化肥相比,氮、磷、钾的淋溶损失率减少。[结论]施用生物有机肥可以减少土壤中氨挥发损失和氮、磷、钾的淋溶损失,增强土壤的保肥性能。     

五味子果汁饮料的研制

[目的]研制具有五味子特色口味的果汁饮料。[方法]以五味子浆果果汁为原料,应用常温浸提法、絮凝澄清技术和超高压技术制备五味子果汁饮料。[结果]确定了五味子果汁的澄清条件：絮凝剂为壳聚糖,添加量为0.05 g/L,处理时间为4.0 h。在该条件下,五味子果汁的透光率达99.99%,pH为2.82,总酚含量为0.232 mg/ml。储存试验证明,五味子果汁饮料经澄清处理,饮料的稳定性优于原始饮料。[结论]应用常温浸提技术、絮凝澄清技术和超高压技术可以生产出具有五味子特色的果汁饮料。     

Phosphorus balance and risk assessment in the rice–canola cropping system under different drainage strategies

This research was conducted to quantify total phosphorus (TP) losses in poorly drained-consolidated paddy fields equipped with different surface and shallow subsurface drainage systems including drain depth of 0.9 m and drain spacing of 30 m (D_0.9L₃₀), drain depth of 0.65 m and drain spacing of 30 m (D_0.65L₃₀), drain depth of 0.65 m and drain spacing of 15 m (D_0.65L₁₅), drain spacing of 15 m and drain depths of 0.65 and 0.9 m as alternate depths (Bilevel). Typical surface drainage system of consolidated paddy fields was also considered as conventional practice of the study area (control). The subsurface drained fields were under year-round crop production of rice-canola, while the surface drained fields experienced only rice cropping once a year. During three rice-canola-rice growing seasons, TP losses through drainage and leaching in the D_0.9L₃₀, Bilevel, D_0.65L₃₀, D_0.65L₁₅ and control treatments were respectively, 1.12, 0.98, 1.44, 1.53 and 24.48 kg ha^?1, equivalent to about 3.9%, 3.4%, 5.1%, 5.3% and 85.7% of applied triple superphosphate fertilizer. In the rice growing seasons, TP losses through surface runoff were higher than those through subsurface drainage effluents. Shallow subsurface drainage systems were promising for the study area compared surface drainage as phosphorus risks were reduced by 79%, 77%, 64% and 57% through D_0.9L₃₀, Bilevel, D_0.65L₃₀ and D_0.65L₁₅, respectively. These results demonstrated that, by providing suitable condition for winter cropping, subsurface drainage systems can diminish concerns related to phosphorus losses from poorly drained paddy fields in the north of Iran.     

EDTA强化植物修复的环境风险研究

采用柱状盆栽淋溶试验,研究乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对有植物生长时,不同浓度Cd处理的土壤中重金属淋溶作用的影响及其动态特征。实验结果表明:土壤重金属Cd处理的浓度为80 mg/kg和160 mg/kg时,加入5 mmol/kg和10 mmol/kg的EDTA,增加了渗滤液中TOC的含量,极大地增加了渗滤液中Cd的含量,且土壤样品中TOC的淋失量和重金属Cd的淋失量都集中发生在淋溶实验的前期。两者相比EDTA对土壤中重金属的活化效应更强,遇到降水,会因淋失对地下水造成严重的重金属污染,应尽量避免在降水期间施用ED-TA。植物根系在渗滤发生的最初期对渗滤有影响,会减少渗滤液的体积,从而减少渗滤液中TOC和重金属的总含量。     

唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性

为研究唑螨酯在环境中的行为特性,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性,通过降解半衰期和比移值Rf来评价其在土壤环境中的安全性。结果表明:唑螨酯在3种土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,好气条件下,在黄壤、水稻土和石灰土的降解半衰期分别为81.5、96.3和84.5 d,唑螨酯在水稻土中较难降解,在黄壤和石灰土中中等降解;厌气条件下的半衰期分别为154.0、56.3和43.3 d,水稻土和石灰土中中等降解,黄壤中较难降解。唑螨酯在黄土、水稻土和石灰土中比移值Rf均为0.083,唑螨酯在3种土壤中均不移动,正常条件下不会对地下水造成污染。综上所述,唑螨酯在土壤环境中具有较强的稳定性,因此应严格掌握其使用量和使用时期,同时建议加强对唑螨酯残留的跟踪监测。     

水溶性有机物对海南砖红壤中残留壬基酚吸附-解吸与迁移行为的影响

采用室内标准批量平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了2种来源DOM对壬基酚在海南砖红壤中吸附-解吸与迁移行为的影响。结果表明:来源于水稻秸秆(ST)和猪粪(PMC)的DOM(ST和PMC)均能明显抑制土壤对壬基酚的吸附,促进壬基酚从土壤中的解吸,增强壬基酚在土壤中的迁移性。浓度为200 mg DOC/L水稻秸秆DOM(ST2)和猪粪堆肥DOM(PMC2)可分别使土壤中壬基酚吸附的Kf值由对照的21.45减少到9.45和8.35,使壬基酚从土壤中的淋出率由对照中的34.36%,增大到58.34%(ST2)和67.24%(PMC2)。可见农业土壤中DOM可以充当壬基酚的迁移载体,促进它在土壤和水环境中的迁移和扩散,也可促进其生物可利用程度和生物修复速度。且来源于猪粪堆肥的DOM较水稻秸秆DOM更容易与壬基酚相互作用,因此对壬基酚环境行为的影响就更显著。     

An innovative stabilization/solidification treatment For contaminated soil remediation: demonstration project results

Background, aim, and scope

An innovative stabilization/solidification (S/S) process using high-performance additivated concrete technology was developed for remediating soil contaminated by metals from abandoned industrial sites. In order to verify the effectiveness of this new ex situ S/S procedure, an area highly contaminated by metallic pollutants (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb), due to the uncontrolled discharge of waste generated from artistic glass production on the island of Murano (Venice, Italy), was selected as a case study. The technique transforms the contaminated soil into an aggregate material suitable for reuse as on-site backfill. This paper reports the main results of the demonstration project performed in collaboration with the local environmental protection agency (ARPAV).

Materials and methods

An ex situ treatment for brownfield remediation, based on the transformation of contaminated soil into very dense, low porous, and mechanically resistant granular material, was set up and tested. Specific additives (water reducers and superplasticizers) to improve the stabilized material properties were developed and patented. A demonstration plant assembled on the study area to treat 6 m³ h^–1was then tested. After excavation, the contaminated soil was screened to remove coarse material. The fraction Ø?>?4 mm (coarse fraction), mainly composed of glass, brick, concrete, and stone debris, was directly reused on site after passing through a washing treatment section. The highly polluted fraction Ø?≤?4 mm (fine fraction) was treated in the S/S treatment division of the plant (European patent WO/2006/097272). The fine fraction was mixed with Portland cement and additives defined on the basis of the high performance concrete technique. the mixture was then granulated in a rolling-plate system. After 28 days curing in an onsite storage area to allow for cement hydration, the stabilized material was monitored before its in situ relocation. The chemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological reliability and performance of the treatment was checked. Metal leachability was verified according to four leaching test methods: Italian Environmental Ministry Decree (1998), EN 12457 (2002) tout court, amended only with MgSO₄ and, lastly, with artificial sea water. The mechanical properties were measured according to BS (1990) and AASHTO (1999) to obtain the Aggregate Crushing Value and California Bearing Ratio, in that order. Moreover, leachate samples prepared with artificial seawater were assessed via the Crassostrea gigas embryotoxicity test and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test to discriminate the presence of potential ecotoxicological effects for the brackish and saltwater biota.

Results

Outcomes from all leachate samples highlighted the effectiveness of the remediation treatment, fully complying with the Italian legislation for non-hazardous material reuse under a physicochemical viewpoint. The stabilized granular material demonstrated high mechanical strength, low porosity, and leachability. Moreover, ecotoxicological surveys indicated the presence of low toxicity levels in leachate samples according to both toxicity tests.

Discussion

Remediated soil samples revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals as a consequence of the application of additivated cement that enhanced granular material properties, resulting in improved compactness due to the reduction in water content. The toxicity data confirmed this state-of-the-art technique, indicating that leachates could be deemed as minor acutely toxic.

Conclusions

The proposed S/S treatment proved to be able to remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals through trapping pollutants in pellet materials presenting adequate physicochemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological properties in order to prevent leachability phenomena, their reclamation, and reuse being made easier by its granular form.

Recommendation and perspectives

This project foresees long-term monitoring activity over several years (until 2014) to consider treatment durability.     

盐地碱蓬生长对滨海重盐碱地的改土效应

盐地碱蓬是滨海盐碱地生态系统群落演替中的先锋物种,也是植被建设的重要植物。为探究盐地碱蓬对滨海盐碱地的改土效应以及作用机制,通过滨海平原盐碱地原生盐地碱蓬群落土壤调查,结合室内土柱种植试验,研究了盐地碱蓬生长对滨海盐土土壤结构、土壤水分入渗特征及土壤盐分分布的影响,比较了盐地碱蓬通过植株吸收盐分和通过改善土壤结构促进盐分淋洗对滨海盐碱地降盐、改土的效果。结果表明:1)盐地碱蓬生长对滨海盐土土壤结构有明显的改善效果,野外生长盐地碱蓬的0～20cm土层土壤容重显著低于裸地,而土壤孔隙度显著高于裸地地块;室内土柱种植盐地碱蓬降低了各层土壤容重,平均降低6.16%;增加了各层土壤孔隙度,增加1.59%～5.15%。2)盐地碱蓬生长显著提升了滨海盐土土壤水分入渗性能。野外入渗试验结果显示,相同入渗时间内,生长盐地碱蓬的土壤累积入渗量、初始入渗率及稳定入渗率分别是裸地的3.6倍、2.5倍和3.0倍。室内土柱模拟试验结果显示,盐地碱蓬处理土壤的初始入渗率为0.08mm·min?1,是裸地处理的2.6倍;稳定入渗率为0.03mm·min?1,是裸地处理的3.0倍。3)盐地碱蓬的生长明显降低了土壤含盐量,盐地碱蓬收获后,野外调查试验和室内土柱试验中裸地处理0～40cm土层土壤含盐量分别降低2.67%和12.98%,而盐地碱蓬处理分别降低12.08%和49.28%。野外调查和室内土柱试验中,盐地碱蓬植株移走的盐量分别占总脱盐量的5.60%和2.26%,淋洗脱盐量分别占总脱盐量的94.40%和97.74%。以上结果表明,滨海重盐碱地种植盐地碱蓬具有明显的降低土壤含盐量的作用,这种作用除植株吸收带走部分盐分外,更重要的是通过盐地碱蓬的生长改善了土壤结构、加速了土壤水分入渗、促进了土壤盐分的淋洗。     

草坪根系层基质和氮肥类型对氮淋失的影响

为更好地了解高尔夫球场草坪施用氮肥对水环境的影响,在温室里模拟高尔夫果岭用PVC管建造4种基质类型的小型蒸渗仪播种建植匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L. cv. Penncross),出苗后施用Hoagland和Arnon营养液培育至成坪,成坪后选用速效氮尿素和控释肥丁异叉双缩脲进行氮肥类型处理,每两周施1.8 g·m^-2N。结果表明:4种基质类型的草坪幼坪期都存在污染地下水的可能性,但随草坪的成熟而降低,其中改良沙基质的草坪可能性最小;速效氮肥处理的草坪氮的淋失显著高于缓释氮肥处理。综合比较,高尔夫果岭根系层采用改良沙基质、少量多次地施用缓释肥可以有效控制氮的淋失。