南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅲ.冻-融作用与水分状况

自由水活动在南极海洋性气候区土壤形成与演化过程中发挥极为重要的作用。本文对土壤自由水的来源、冻-融作用、永冻层和活动层动态以及自由水参与下的物质迁移过程等几个方面进行了论述,讨论了上述不同过程的影响因素以及土壤发生学意义,指出以土壤水形态转化和自由水活动为基础的土壤过程具有显著的微域性特点,是决定本区土壤发生类型与分布模式的重要因素之一。     

水载型木材防腐剂中有效成分固着的影响因素

水载型木材防腐剂在木材防腐市场中占据着主导地位,然而其中的有效成分的抗水流失性差是其存在的主要缺点,这在很大程度上是由于防腐处理材在使用前防腐剂有效成分与木材成分之间的固着反应不充分而造成的,因此提高防腐有效成分在处理材中的固着质量是提高抗流失性的关键.笔者对国内外在水载型防腐剂中有效成分固着方面的研究进行了较为系统、全面的介绍,其中包括木材树种、固着的环境温度与相对湿度、固着时间、木材含水率、防腐剂的保持量、防腐剂成分组成等不同因素的影响,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向.     

季铵盐类化合物(QAC)在木材防腐中的应用

主要综述了季铵盐类化合物(QAC)在用作木材防腐剂时的耐腐性、抗流失性及其与木材的结合机理等方面的研究概况,分析了实验室耐腐性和野外实验耐腐性结果不一致的原因。此外也介绍了对季铵盐进行改性处理方面的一些研究进展。     

Nitrogen balance in a paddy field planted with whole crop rice (Oryza sativa cv. Kusahonami) during two rice-growing seasons

This paper focuses on N balance in a paddy field planted with whole crop rice (Oryza sativa cv. Kusahonami). The experiment was conducted with two treatments during two rice-growing seasons: one was fertilized with N (160 kg N ha^–1; 16N plot) and the other unfertilized (0N plot); both plots were fertilized with P and K. The N input from precipitation was 15 and 12 kg N ha^–1 in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The N input from irrigation water reached as much as 123 and 69 kg N ha^–1 in 2002 and 2003, respectively. This was because irrigation water contained higher NO₃^– concentrations ranging from 4 to 8 mg N l^–1. The N uptake by rice plants was the major output: 118 and 240 kg N ha^–1 in the 0N and 16N plots in 2002 and 103 and 238 kg N ha^–1 in 2003, respectively. N losses by leaching were 4.8–5.3 and 6.5–7.3 kg N ha^–1 in 2002 and in 2003, respectively. Laboratory experiments were carried out to estimate the amounts of N₂ fixation and denitrification. Amount of N₂ fixation was 43 and 0 kg N ha^–1 in the 0N and 16N plots, respectively. Denitrification potential was quite high in both the plots, and 90% of the N input through irrigation water was lost through denitrification. Collectively, the total N inputs were relatively large due to irrigation water contaminated with NO₃^–, but N outflow loading, expressed as leaching–(irrigation water + precipitation + fertilizer), showed large negative values, suggesting that the whole crop rice field might serve as a constructed wetland for decreasing N.     

微咸水淋洗对中度盐渍土区高粱和谷子生长发育的影响

[目的]探讨微咸水淋洗对高粱和谷子生长发育特征及产量的影响。[方法]选择松嫩平原吉林西部中度苏打盐渍土壤种植高粱和谷子,设对照、补充灌溉、低额淋洗(250 mm)和高额淋洗(400 mm)4个处理,利用当地微咸水进行淋洗灌溉试验与研究。[结果]补充灌溉和淋洗处理较对照均更好地促进了2种作物的植株生长和根系发育;2种作物补充灌溉处理的产量较对照达到极显著增长水平。高额、低额淋洗处理的高粱产量分别较补充灌溉增加26.2%和14.1%(P=0.01);高额淋洗处理的高粱产量虽比低额淋洗有显著增加,但未达极显著水平;高额、低额淋洗处理的谷子产量分别较补充灌溉增加78.5%和33.9%(P=0.01)。[结论]400 mm淋洗量已接近高粱试验地的淋洗上限,但不是谷子试验地淋洗量的上限。     

稻田氮素淋失测定方法的研究进展

氮素淋溶是稻田氮素向周围水体迁移的重要途径,氮以NO3–-N淋溶的形式进入水体,造成的地下水污染问题越来越引起人们的关注,有关稻田氮素淋溶的损失已开展了许多研究,所采用的研究方法不一。本文总结讨论了稻田土壤氮素淋溶的常用测定方法,主要包括土壤溶液提取法、原状土柱法、土钻取样法以及计算机模拟法和同位素示踪等方法,分别对其优缺点以及应用进行了阐述;同时对计算氮素渗漏总量的方法进行了总结,主要包括水分平衡法、达西定律法、小区渗漏池法和大型原状土柱等方法,以期为稻田氮素淋溶损失的相关研究提供技术支持和科学依据。     

灌溉入渗条件下农田土壤水盐动态简化模型及应用

率先采用线性简化式 ,并引入优先流系数来表示计算土层下边界渗漏水流通量 ;然后导出了计算土层入渗前后土壤储水量变化公式 ,在此基础上又引入淋洗系数 ,导出了入渗前后土壤储盐量变化公式。通过对公式的讨论 ,提出了灌溉水矿化度临界方程 ,讨论了淋洗系数和优先流系数的物理意义和影响因素。本文所建模型简单适用 ,而且与田间实测灌溉水矿化度临界方程极其吻合 ,可为农田灌溉水矿化度的选择提供参考     

Microbial activity and leaching during initial oak leaf litter decomposition

The decomposition of oak leaf litter was studied by means of a litterbag experiment in an oak forest in the Netherlands. The contribution of microbial activity and leaching to weight loss and element dynamics during the first 6 weeks of decomposition was investigated by means of frequent respiration measurements and extractions of the litter and by a qualitative comparison of throughfall and litter percolation water chemistry. The oak-leaf litter lost 9.3% of its initial dry weight during the first 6 weeks. In total, 90% of this observed weight loss was explained by the processes studied. About 5.9% (64% of the total) of this weight loss was attributed to microbial tespiration and 0.5% (5%) to the loss of inorganic solutes. Leaching of dissolved organic compounds was estimated to account for 2.0% (21%). The results indicated a fast leaching of K and Cl out of the fresh litter during the first 2 weeks, while Mg, Fe, Mn, Si, ortho P, and dissolved organic N were released at a much lower rate. At the same time, small amounts of H⁺, NH _inf4 ^sup+ and NO _inf3 ^sup- were retained in the litter.     

硫酸浸出电镀污泥中Zn、Cr条件及其动力学研究

采用硫酸作为酸浸出剂,考察了浸出时间、酸浓度和浸出温度对电镀污泥中重金属Zn、Cr浸出效果的影响,并运用Avrami方程拟合Zn、Cr的浸出动力学。结果表明:硫酸浸出Zn、Cr的最适浸出时间、酸浓度、温度均为4h、3mol/L、20℃。Zn、Cr的浸出过程均可用Avrami方程进行很好的拟合,其浸出反应的表观活化能分别为3.58和3.06k J/mol,即两者的浸出过程均是扩散控制的,为工业规模的硫酸浸出电镀污泥中Zn、Cr提供理论参考。     

Soil carbon distribution and quality in a montane rangeland-forest mosaic in northern Utah

Relatively little is known about soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in montane ecosystems of the semi-arid western U.S. or the stability of current SOC pools under future climate change scenarios. We measured the distribution and quality of SOC in a mosaic of rangeland-forest vegetation types that occurs under similar climatic conditions on non-calcareous soils at Utah State University's T.W. Daniel Experimental Forest in northern Utah: the forest types were aspen [Populus tremuloides] and conifer (mixture of fir [Abies lasiocarpa] and spruce [Picea engelmannii]); the rangeland types were sagebrush steppe [Artemisia tridentata], grass-forb meadow, and a meadow-conifer ecotone. Total SOC was calculated from OC concentrations, estimates of bulk density by texture and rock-free soil volume in five pedons. The SOC quality was expressed in terms of leaching potential and decomposability. Amount and aromaticity of water-soluble organic carbon (DOC) was determined by water extraction and specific ultra violet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA) of leached DOC. Decomposability of SOC and DOC was derived from laboratory incubation of soil samples and water extracts, respectively.

Although there was little difference in total SOC between soils sampled under different vegetation types, vertical distribution, and quality of SOC appeared to be influenced by vegetation. Forest soils had a distinct O horizon and higher SOC concentration in near-surface mineral horizons that declined sharply with depth. Rangeland soils lacked O horizons and SOC concentration declined more gradually. Quality of SOC under rangelands was more uniform with depth and SOC was less soluble and less decomposable (i.e., more stable) than under forests. However, DOC in grass-forb meadow soils was less aromatic and more bioavailable, likely promoting C retention through cycling. The SOC in forest soils was notably more leachable and decomposable, especially near the soil surface, with stability increasing with soil depth. Across the entire dataset, there was a weak inverse relationship between the decomposability and the aromaticity of DOC. Our data indicate that despite similar SOC pools, vegetation type may affect SOC retention capacity under future climate projections by influencing potential SOC losses via leaching and decomposition.