北方春大豆地方品种种子活力相关性状多样性分析

对104个北方春大豆地方品种的苗鲜重、苗高、下胚轴长、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等10个活力相关性状进行测定,并进行多样性分析。结果表明,大豆地方品种种子活力相关性状存在丰富的遗传变异,变异系数在17.65%~35.42%之间,其中发芽势变异系数最大,为35.42%,下胚轴长变异系数最小,为17.65%。相关性分析表明,除下胚轴长与根体积、根表面积、总根长呈显著负相关外,其余各性状之间呈显著或极显著正相关。聚类分析将104个大豆地方品种分为4个类群,类群Ⅲ的苗鲜重、苗高、下胚轴长、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、主根长的均值最大,类群Ⅳ总根长、根体积和根表面积的均值最大。主成分分析中前4个主成分累积贡献率达到87.854%。第1主成分反映的是大豆根系粗壮程度;第2主成分反映的是发芽速度;第3主成分反映地上部分伸长能力;第4主成分反映地下部分伸长能力。隶属函数值将104份材料按活力高低分为3类,并筛选出8个高活力地方品种（保险豆、汤原秃荚子、黄豆、宝清小金黄、和龙油太、富锦四粒黄、牛毛黄和汪清神仙洞）,可作为培育高活力大豆品种的亲本材料。     

Effect of processing conditions on bioactive compounds and glycemic index of the selected landrace rice variety in pre-diabetes

Paddy processing can affect glycemic index (GI) and bioactive compounds of rice. Therefore, the effects of processing conditions such as germination, parboiling and polishing on total polyphenols, ferulic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents of seven landrace varieties from Thailand were investigated. Subsequently, the best rice variety was chosen to evaluate GI in pre-diabetic subjects. Four different rice forms used were brown rice (BR), parboiled brown rice (PBR), germinated parboiled brown rice (GPBR) and polished rice (PR). Results showed that polishing process strongly reduced all bioactive compounds. In contrast, parboiling the grains slightly increased polyphenol, and germination followed by parboiling significantly increased polyphenol content. Ferulic acid content was found to be similar among BR, PBR and GPBR and the highest GABA content was found in GPBR. Furthermore, Leuang Awn variety exhibited the highest polyphenol (126.70 ± 1.08 mg GAE/100 g), ferulic acid (17.77 ± 0.16 mg/100 g) and GABA content (78.57 ± 1.00 mg/100 g) and was selected for GI study. PBR and GPBR had medium GI values (55.10 ± 5.37 and 60.58 ± 6.48) and PR showed high GI value (83.10 ± 5.10). In conclusion, parboiling and germination had less effects on the bioactive compounds of whole grain rice and produced low-medium GI, which could be beneficial for health promotion.     

Comparison of Fecal Methanogenic Archaeal Community Between Erhualian and Landrace Pigs Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR Analysis

Erhualian and Landrace breeds are typical genetically obese and lean pigs, respectively. To compare the fecal methanogenic Archaeal community between these two pig breeds, fecal samples from different growth phase pigs were collected and used for PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） with two primer pairs （344fGC/519r and 519f/915rGC） and real-time PCR analysis. Results showed that a better separation and higher quality of bands pattern were obtained in DGGE proifles using primers 344fGC/519r as compared with primers 519f/915rGC. Sequencing of DGGE bands showed that the predominant methanogens in the feces of Erhualian and Landrace pigs belonged to Methanobrevibacter spp. and Methanosphaera spp. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that there was no signiifcant difference in the numbers of fecal total methanogens between Erhualian and Landrace pigs;however, pig growth phase affected the numbers of 16S rRNA genes of total methanogens and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Dissociation curves of methyl coenzyme-M reductase subunit A （mcrA） gene fragments ampliifed with real-time PCR showed all samples possessed a single peak at 82＆#176;C, which might be associated with M. smithii. Samples from the same growth phase of each breed showed good replicative dissociation curves. The results suggest that the growth phase （including diet factor） other than genotype of pig may affect the fecal methanogenic Archaeal community of pigs.     

Genetic selection for resistance to mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) in the Landrace line influences the expression of soluble factors in blood after MPS vaccine sensitization

We recently developed a Landrace line that is resistant to mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) infection by genetic selection for five generations, and we reported that the immunophenotype of this line is different from that of the non‐selected line in terms of changes in peripheral blood leukocyte population after MPS vaccination. This study followed up previous findings demonstrating changes in soluble factors in blood, namely, hormones, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), and cytokines. These two lines were injected with MPS vaccine on days ?7 and 0 after blood sampling on those days, and blood samples were collected on days ?14, ?7, 0, 2, 7 and 14. We found changes in the levels of many hormones and cytokines in both lines. However, we found that only growth hormone (GH) and interferon (IFN)‐γ levels were statistically different between these two lines. GH concentration was reduced (day 0) and IFN‐γ concentration was increased (day 14) in the MPS‐selected line compared with the non‐selected line, despite unchanged IFN‐γ messenger RNA expression in blood cells. Although detailed mechanisms underlying these phenotypes remain unsolved, these traits would be useful to improve MPS resistance in pig production and provide an insight into MPS infection.     

长白母猪排卵时间和适配期研究

通过对发情母猪分批屠宰测定表明，长白母猪排卵时间为发情特征出现后４８小时至７２小时左右。经采用长白和杜洛克公猪分别在母猪发情的不同阶段配种，对所产仔猪遗传特征鉴别结果证明，排卵大多集中在发情特征出现６０小时前后，相应地同期配种的产仔比例达７３．５６％。因此，确定掌握适配期为发情特征出现后４８小时左右作第一次配种，间隔１２—２４小时内复配一次，实施效果显著，第一期情受胎率为９４．５６％，平均窝产活仔数为（１０．１６±０．２６）头。     

Cultivation and Taxonomic Classification of Wheat Landraces in the Upper Panjsher Valley of Afghanistan After 23 Years of War

After 23 years of war, current information about the biodiversity of crops in the Hindukush mountains of Afghanistan is scarce. This study aimed at assessing the genetic composition of farmers wheat (Triticum spp.) populations through a survey of 21 randomly chosen cereal fields on both sides of the Panjsher river in the upper Panjsher valley of Northern Afghanistan. A stratified sampling of wheat heads according to morphological differences was followed by estimates of field size and grain yield and a formal interview with the landowner about the cropping sequence and the inputs used. About 75% of the cereal fields were cropped in rotation systems with faba bean (Vicia faba L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), maize (Zea mays L.) or fallow. Manure application at between 2.3 and 5.3 t ha⁻¹ was the major source of nutrient inputs at grain yield levels between 1.2 and 4.7 t ha⁻¹. The morphological characterization of the collection revealed 19 taxonomically different varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) but also barley and triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) grown in mixtures. Populations within one field consisted of up to seven botanical wheat varieties. Farmers did not differentiate between morphological differences within such mixtures but identified their populations instead according to grain color, cooking properties and resistance to mildew and frost. Triticum aestivum var. subferrugineum was the most widespread wheat variety and no effects of altitude on biodiversity of wheat was noted across the transect. Particularly interesting was the occurrence of T. aestivum var. subferrugininflatum and var. subgraecinflatum which so far have only been reported from Mongolia. The finding of triticale indicated the active seed exchange with lowland or long-distance seed sources.     

Growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in response to soil moisture: 1. Dry matter and yield

The effect of drought on the growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) was studied in controlled-environment glasshouses in the UK. There were three landraces (S19-3, DipC and UN from Namibia, Botswana and Swaziland, respectively) and two watering regimes; a control that was irrigated weekly to 90% field capacity and a drought treatment with no irrigation from 49 days after sowing (DAS) until final harvest (147 DAS). Bambara groundnut responded to drought by reducing the rate of leaf area expansion, final canopy size and total dry matter (TDM) during vegetative growth. Drought also caused significant reductions in pod dry matter (PDM), pod number, seed weight and harvest index (HI), leading to a decrease in final pod yield that was different between landraces. Across landraces, drought reduced mean pod yield from 298 g m⁻² to 165 g m⁻², representing 45% yield loss. Despite the reduction in all landraces, the mean pod yield across the droughted treatments that had received no water for almost 100 days indicated the resilience of the species to drought. The three landraces differed in their phenology; S19-3 exhibited a reduced phenology while UN maintained the longest life cycle. The different responses of the landraces reflect their adaptation to their local climates where mean annual rainfall ranges between 365 mm (Namibia) and 1390 mm (Swaziland). We discuss the significance of these results for future breeding programmes on bambara groundnut.     

我国部分小麦地方品种Waxy基因多样性研究

利用2对STS引物、1对SSR引物和1对基因特异引物分析了1 739份中国小麦地方品种Waxy基因的变异情况。检测出Wx-A1基因缺失突变材料3份，Wx-B1基因缺失突变材料25份，Wx-D1基因缺失突变材料3份。利用SDS-PAGE方法对以上Waxy基因突变材料在蛋白质水平上进行鉴定，验证了Waxy分子标记在种质资源研究中的有效性。向育种家推荐一批具有不同Waxy基因缺失的地方种质，并提供了全部品种的缺失类型。     

长白公猪精液性状遗传参数评估及采精月龄和季节因素分析

旨在估计华南地区长白种公猪精液性状遗传参数以及分析公猪采精月龄和季节对精液性状的影响,为合理制定种公猪育种方案提供理论依据。本研究采用Asreml-R对华南地区两个公猪站1 605头长白公猪107 221条精液数据进行统计分析,利用单性状重复力动物模型估计公猪精液各性状的方差组分、遗传力和重复力,利用两性状重复力动物模型对精液体积、精液密度、精子活力和精子畸形率等性状进行遗传相关和表型相关估计;利用R语言程序中的一般线性模型分析采精月龄和季节对精液性状的影响。结果表明,精液体积和精子畸形率属于中等遗传力（0.23和0.38）,其中精子畸形率的变异系数较大,为85.42%,其余性状都为低遗传力（0.07~0.19）;精液体积与精液密度以及精子活力与精子畸形率为极显著遗传负相关（-0.77和-0.90）;精液密度与精子活力呈极显著的遗传正相关（0.50）。采精月龄对精液性状影响显著（P<0.05）,在公猪达到性成熟后,精液体积呈显著上升趋势,精液密度和精子畸形率总体呈下降趋势,精子总数和有效精子数在13~18月龄组显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。在春季精液密度最高,精子总数和有效精子数在秋、冬季显著优于春、夏季（P<0.05）。综上,长白公猪精液体积和精子畸形率具有较大的选育潜力,可作为候选性状进行选择。在公猪生产管理方面,公猪36月龄后精液产量下降,考虑更新淘汰。公猪精液品质在秋、冬季显著优于春、夏季,在中国南方夏季应提前做好降温工作。     

Comparison of two models to estimate genetic parameters for number of born alive in pigs

The performance of the two‐trait animal model that regards the first parity and later parities as two different traits in estimating genetic parameters for number of born alive (NBA) was examined using real and simulated data. Genetic parameters for NBA were estimated in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs using a single‐trait repeatability model (Model 1) that regards all parities as the same trait and a two‐trait animal model (Model 2) that regards the first and the later parities as different traits. For Model 2, the permanent environmental effect was fitted to only the records of the later parities. Heritability for NBA estimated using Model 1 was 0.12 for Landrace and 0.11 for Large White. Estimated heritability for NBA of the first parity and the later parities was 0.21 and 0.16, respectively, for Landrace; 0.18 and 0.16, respectively, for Large White obtained using Model 2, and higher than those in both breeds obtained using Model 1. Further results based on data simulated using the Monte Carlo method suggest that estimated additive genetic variance could be more biased using Model 2 than Model 1.