Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的三疣梭子蟹东海区群体遗传多样性分析

通过对分布在东海区远海区(济州岛海域)和近海区(长江口以南和以北海域)的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)自然群体线粒体COⅠ基因部分序列的测定,比较并分析了其群体遗传多样性和遗传结构。在24个采集点共286个样本的线粒体COⅠ序列中共检测到45种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.864;核苷酸多样性为0.002 84,平均核苷酸变异数是1.686,其中有23个单倍型为单个采集点所独享,Hap3出现频率最高,在23个采样点的83个样本中均有发现,是所有三疣梭子蟹样本的共享中心单倍型。群体遗传多样性分析显示,远海区群体的遗传多样性水平最高,其次为长江口以北群体,长江口以南群体最低。由群体间遗传距离、系统进化树和单倍型网络关系图发现,东海区海域三疣梭子蟹种群间存在基因交流,亲缘关系的远近不以地理位置的远近为依据;AMOVA分子方差分析结果显示,三疣梭子蟹的遗传变异主要来自群体内,而群体间无显著遗传分化,不存在明显的地理趋势。     

Marker‐assisted backcrossing of a null allele of the α‐subunit of Soybean (Glycine max) β‐conglycinin with a Chinese soybean cultivar (a). The development of improved lines

The development of soybean varieties that lack the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit is an attractive goal because the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit negatively influences the nutrition and gelation of tofu and is a major allergen. To remove this undesirable allergen and simultaneously improve the seed nutritional value and food‐processing quality, marker‐assisted background selection (MABS) was used in backcross breeding to incorporate cgy‐2, a null phenotype version of the gene encoding the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit, from the donor line ‘RiB’ into the genetic background of the Chinese cultivar ‘Dongnong47’ (DN47), a popular high‐oil superfine seed soybean cultivar from Heilongjiang Province, China. In each F₂ (F₂, BC_nF₂) generation of the breeding programme, the offspring that carried the introgressed cgy‐2 were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and rescreened by MABS using simple sequence repeat markers to accelerate recurrent parent genome recovery. Of the 49 advanced backcrossing breeding lines (ABLs), the three best lines, ABL1, ABL2 and ABL3, were selected from the BC₁, BC₂ and BC₃ populations, respectively. The ABLs were evaluated for desirable agronomic characteristics, yield‐related traits, amino acid composition, free amino acid composition and tofu‐processing quality in the mature seeds. All of the ABLs lacked the α‐subunit but grew and reproduced normally without deleterious effects on physiological processes such as seed development and germination. The free amino acid content of ABL1 was significantly higher than that of ‘DN47’, with arginine (Arg) being particularly enriched. Compared to the recurrent parent ‘DN47’, the total protein content of the three ABLs was higher, the amino acid composition of the seed proteins was markedly modified and the yield and hardness of the tofu that was made from the ABLs were significantly increased. MABS combined with stringent phenotypic selection in a backcross breeding programme is a feasible strategy for the genetic engineering of seed protein components to produce allergenic subunit‐deficient variant alleles.     

蛋白激酶A催化亚基VdPKAC1对菌丝型大丽轮枝菌V07DF2培养性状及致病力的调控

【目的】通过同源重组敲除技术,解析菌丝型大丽轮枝菌中蛋白激酶A催化亚基基因VdPKAC1在调控微菌核发育、产孢及其致病力方面的作用。【方法】利用Invitrogen公司的Gateway®技术构建VdPKAC1的同源重组敲除质粒。该质粒的潮霉素抗性基因盒两端分别为靶标基因5′和3′端各1 kb的DNA序列。通过农杆菌AGL-1的介导,将该质粒的T-DNA区域整合到来源于棉花的菌丝型大丽轮枝菌V07DF2菌株中。从6个随机选择的含有潮霉素抗性基因片段的转化子中,通过靶标基因的PCR检测,获得了5个VdPKAC1基因敲除突变体。经过Southern杂交检测,选择了3个敲除突变体材料（2B5、C5和HH2）进行突变表型的观察和分析。在液体PDB培养7 d后观察敲除突变体与野生型菌株的黑色素产生情况;在固体PDA培养28 d后,观察敲除突变体与野生菌株的菌丝生长和休眠结构形成情况。此外,利用棉花根提取物对液体Cazpek-Dox培养7 d的各菌株分别进行诱导处理,在处理24、72 h后分别统计分生孢子数量,以此对敲除突变体和野生菌株的分生孢子产生能力进行评估。最后,将孢子浓度为1×107个/mL的突变体和野生菌株的分生孢子液灌根接种2叶期的棉花,测定其致病力。【结果】Southern杂交结果表明,在上述5个敲除突变体中,只有2B5和C5两个菌株为T-DNA单拷贝插入,而其他菌株均存在T-DNA异位整合的情况。在PDA培养条件下,3个敲除突变体（2B5、C5和HH2）与野生型相比具有黑色素合成增加,气生菌丝更加发达的特点。其中,敲除突变体2B5和C5在平板培养条件下还形成了野生型菌株没有的、与典型微菌核形态不同的深褐色“链状休眠菌丝体结构”。在棉花根提取物的诱导处理下,3个敲除突变体产生的分生孢子数量少于野生型菌株。另外,致病力分析结果表明,敲除突变体材料仍然具有一定的致病力,但却显著弱于野生菌株V07DF2。【结论】在大丽轮枝菌中,通过蛋白激酶A介导的环腺苷酸信号途径控制多种重要性状,而VdPKAC1是这一途径中的重要成员。以前的报道证实,VdPKAC1负调控微菌核的数量,而本研究利用菌丝型菌株V07DF2在PDA培养基上不产生微菌核的这一特性,通过同源重组原理敲除该负调控基因,成功获得可以在PDA上产生休眠结构的菌丝型大丽轮枝菌菌株的突变体。这些突变体材料将为大丽轮枝菌微菌核发育信号途径及其调控基因的发掘提供平台和基础。     

Genetic diversity of HMW glutenin subunits in diploid,tetraploid and hexaploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis> species

The genetic variations of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits in 1051 accessions of 13 Triticum subspecies were investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. A total of 37 alleles were detected, resulting in 117 different allele combinations, among which 20, 68 and 29 combinations were observed in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, respectively. Abundance and frequency of allele and combinations in tetraploid wheats were higher than these in hexaploid wheats. Allele Glu-A1c was the most frequent subunit at Glu-A1 locus in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Consequently, the results also suggested that the higher variations occurred at Glu-B1 locus compared to Glu-A1 and Glu-D1. Therefore, carthlicum wheat possessing the allele 1Ay could be presumed a special evolutional approach distinguished from other tetraploid species. Furthermore, this provides a convenient approach of induction of the 1Ay to common wheat through direct cross with carthlicum wheat. Alleles Glu-B1c and Glu-B1i generally absent in tetraploid wheats were also found in tetraploid wheats. Our results implied that tetraploid and hexaploid wheats were distinguished in dendrogram, whereas carthlicum and spelta wheats and however displayed the unique performance. In addition, founder effect, no-randomness of diploidization, mutation and artificial selection could cause allele distribution of HMW-GS in Triticum. All alleles of HMW-GS in Triticum could be further utilized through hybrid in the quality improvement of common wheat.     

坏死杆菌白细胞毒素作为腐蹄病亚单位疫苗候选抗原的研究前景

腐蹄病（foot rot）是侵害反刍动物趾间皮肤及深层软组织为主的,严重影响奶牛生产性能和产奶质量的一种常见疾病。由于传统的灭活菌苗具有免疫效果差、副反应严重及大量生产困难等缺点,使腐蹄病基因工程疫苗的研究成为热点。笔者对坏死杆菌白细胞毒素作为腐蹄病亚单位疫苗候选抗原研究的最新进展进行综述,希望为腐蹄病亚单位疫苗的研究提供参考。     

籽鹅促卵泡激素β亚基cDNA的分子克隆与序列分析

从新屠宰的雌性籽鹅脑垂体中提取总RNA,经RT-PCR法扩增目的片段,获得长为396 bp的籽鹅促卵泡激素β亚基cDNA片段。将扩增的片段与pMD18-T载体连接,并转化至DH5α感受态细胞中。随机挑选阳性重组子进行鉴定、测序,将测序结果与绵羊、水牛、鸡、鸭等多种哺乳动物和禽类该基因序列及相应氨基酸序列进行同源性分析。结果显示,籽鹅促卵泡激素β亚基基因序列和其它动物一样,都有较高的保守性。其中与鸭的同源性最高,核苷酸同源性为97.0%,氨基酸同源性为100%。总体来看,在各种动物中FSHβ亚基基因同源性是很高的。     

阴沟肠杆菌的Hy3AL和hycA部分基因克隆及序列分析

为了克隆氢化酶3大亚基（HyA3L）和甲酸氢酶抑制因子（hycA）,研究其在阴沟肠杆菌产氢代谢中的作用和机制,笔者利用CODEHOP设计阴沟肠杆菌NRRL B-414 HyA3L和hycA简并引物,选用引物HyA3J和HycAJ扩增基因组DNA,分别得到约1500、150 bp的PCR产物,该产物连接pMD18-T载体,并克隆转化至E.coli DH5α感受态细胞中,经筛选后测序。推导的HyA3J扩增产物氨基酸序列与Enterobacter sp. 638的HyA3L蛋白一致性最高达到99%,仅有3个氨基酸的差异,表明其为阴沟肠杆菌的HyA3L;推导的HycAJ扩增产物氨基酸序列与Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047的HycA蛋白一致性最高达到92%,仅有4个氨基酸的差异,表明其为阴沟肠杆菌的hycA。通过以上分析可得出,采用CODEHOP程序设计的简并引物可信性强,阳性率高。阴沟肠杆菌NRRL B-414的氢化酶3大亚基和甲酸氢酶抑制因子部分基因的成功克隆,为通过代谢工程手段敲除氢化酶3大亚基和甲酸氢酶抑制因子的基因全长克隆奠定基础,不但增加了这2个基因的资源,也可为其基因敲除等代谢工程研究提供科学依据和工作基础。     

偏凸山羊草和硬粒小麦远缘杂交后代高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分析

以偏凸山羊草和硬粒小麦(Sauwne20)远缘杂交F6代的30个株系为试材,用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)法鉴定分析了杂交后代高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成.结果表明:F6株系Glu-1位点变异较大,出现了17种亚基类型.在杂交后代中出现了1、2*、13+16、5+10等优质亚基,其中1亚基频率高达77.4%;5+10亚基频率高达74.2%;同时还出现了7、6+8、7+8+21、13+16+21等稀有亚基.64.8%株系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基品质评分高达10分.