基于MODIS的陕西省叶面积指数时空变化特征分析

叶面积指数（LAI）作为表征植被冠层的重要参数,在定量分析陆地生态系统能量交换中具重要意义。利用MODIS叶面积指数产品,结合地表覆盖分类数据,对2001-2014年陕西省LAI进行了监测。结果表明:1）陕西省LAI最大值平均总体呈波动中上升趋势,年内变化呈现明显的季节差异。2）陕北地区LAI上升趋势明显,年际波动较大,渭北塬区以及陕南东部部分区域LAI呈上升趋势,但年际间变化不大,其他区域LAI年际间变化趋势和波动均不明显。3）陕西省范围内典型植被类型LAI最大值平均年际变化均呈现上升趋势,但年内变化曲线各不相同。退耕还林、植树造林等生态工程是陕西省LAI上升的主要原因,气候因素是LAI产生波动的直接原因。反映了陕西省植被群体结构空间分布以及变化特征,为进一步陆地生态系统研究提供了重要参数。     

基于野外观测和TM数据的锡林浩特典型草原MODIS/LAI产品验证

通过2008年夏季生长季的3期LAI野外观测和TM图像的处理分析,对锡林浩特国家观象台附近24 km²典型草原区的MODIS/LAI产品精度从时空2种维度进行了评估。结果显示,在时间维度上,MODIS/LAI产品可以较为准确的体现草地植被生长轨迹;在空间维度上,MODIS/LAI产品与TM/LAI反演结果有相似的变化趋势。以TM/LAI结果为参考真值,MODIS/LAI产品的相对均方根误差约为24%,并存在10.8%的正偏差,表明有一定程度的高估。误差分析结果显示,MODIS/LAI产品精度主要受到土壤背景光谱以及地表均匀程度的影响,在LAI较小的区域,以及在草地空间异质性因受人类活动而增强的7月初和8月末,MODIS/LAI产品误差更大。     

水稻露水凝结量研究

 【目的】于水稻生长季（6月初至9月末）对露水进行实地监测,探讨三江平原水稻植株露水凝结规律。【方法】选择杨木棒做收集器监测露水并计算露水强度,通过叶面积指数换算为单位面积土地上露水量。【结果】丰水年（2009年）露日数少于平水年（2008年）,但露水强度高于平水年,露水强度在每年8月达到峰值后逐渐减小。作物冠层露水强度强于顶层,底层露水强度最弱。经换算,2008年和2009年水田年露水量保守值分别为26.2 mm和31.4 mm。水稻密度对露水强度的影响不大,但作物密植可增加年露水量。【结论】湿地开垦为水田后,年露水量增加,叶面积指数是水田年露水量增加的关键因子。露水是影响水田水量平衡的重要因子,2008年和2009年水稻露水量分别占同期降水量的8.68%和6.14%。     

夏玉米LAI与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

从不同角度研究夏玉米LAI与其对应冠层反射光谱的相关性.结果表明,夏玉米LAI与冠层反射光谱的定量关系以由多个单波段建立的多元线性回归模型为最优,其次是由DVI(900,730)建立的三次多项式回归模型,再次是由SAVI(950,600)建立的幂函数回归模型.     

Characterizing leaf gas exchange responses of cotton to full and limited irrigation conditions

Plant responses to water deficit need to be monitored for producing a profitable crop as water deficit is a major constraint on crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to various environmental conditions under limited water availability using commercially available varieties grown in South Texas. Soil moisture and variables of leaf gas exchange were measured to monitor water deficit for various varieties under different irrigation treatments. Lint yield and growth variables were also measured and correlations among growth parameters of interest were investigated. Significant differences were found in soil moisture, leaf net assimilation (A_n), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration rate (T_r), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) among irrigation treatments in 2006 while no significant differences were found in these parameters in 2007. Some leaf gas exchange parameters, e.g., T_r, and leaf temperature (T_L) have strong correlations with A_n and g. A_n and WUE were increased by 30–35% and 30–40%, respectively, at 600 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹ in comparison with 400 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹. Lint yield was strongly correlated with g, T_r, WUE, and soil moisture at 60 cm depth. Relative A_n, T_r, and T_L started to decrease from FTSW 0.3 at 60 cm and FTSW 0.2 at 40 cm. The results demonstrate that plant water status under limited irrigation management can be qualitatively monitored using the measures of soil moisture as well as leaf gas exchange, which in turn can be useful for describing yield reduction due to water deficit. We found that using normalized A_n, T_r, and T_L is feasible to quantify plant water deficit.     

不同叶面积指数遥感产品在呼伦贝尔草甸草原的应用对比

叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是植被生理过程模拟的重要参数之一,对植被气候关系、全球气候变化研究等具有重要的意义。近年来LAI产品越来越多,这些产品的精度、区域适用性都不相同。为了选择适用于呼伦贝尔典型草甸草原的LAI产品,为以后在呼伦贝尔展开工作提供便利,该文以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究区域,利用2013年6-8月6期地面试验数据,以HJ-1A/B CCD高分辨率影像为中间桥梁建立植被指数SR与LAI的统计模型,反演得到LAI参考图像,对研究区域内与地面试验同期的MODIS LAI和GLASS LAI、GEOV1 LAI产品分别进行了直接验证与交叉验证。结果显示,3个LAI产品均存在高估现象,以GLASS LAI最为显著约高估41%,其次是MODIS LAI约高估了32%。GEOV1 LAI产品准确性最高,RMSE=0.289 MAE=0.216。GLASS LAI与GEOV1 LAI产品的相关性最好(R2=0.6465)。通过对比全年LAI产品发现,3个产品具有良好的时序一致性。GLASS LAI呈现为平滑曲线,高估现象主要存在于LAI值较小时。MODIS LAI最不稳定性,波动性较大。GEOV1 LAI产品在第133天至第201天这段时间内LAI值比其他两个产品的LAI值小;在第202天后GEOV1 LAI值与GLASS LAI值相差无几,高于MODIS LAI。根据对比分析结果,GEOV1 LAI产品最适用于呼伦贝尔典型草甸草原。通过提取质量控制层数据,确定云覆盖不是影响LAI异常的原因。     

Validation of an efficient visual method for estimating leaf area index in clonal Eucalyptus plantations

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecophysiological parameter in forest stands because it characterises the interface between atmospheric processes and plant physiology. Several indirect methods for estimating LAI have been developed. However, these methods have limitations that can affect the estimates. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of a visual method for estimating LAI in clonal Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla plantations and to compare it with hemispherical photography, ceptometer and LAI-2000^® estimates. Destructive sampling for direct determination of the actual LAI was performed in 22 plots at two geographical locations in Brazil. Actual LAI values were then used to develop a field guide with photographic images representing an LAI range of 1.0–5.0 m² m^?2 (leaf area/ground area). The visual LAI estimation guide was evaluated with 17 observers in the field. The average difference between actual LAI and visual LAI estimation was 12% and the absolute difference between the two methods was less than or equal to 0.5 m² m^?2 in 77% of plots. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were high between actual LAI and hemispherical photographs (0.8), visual estimation (0.93) and LAI-2000^® (0.99) and low for the ceptometer (0.18). However, absolute values differed among methods, with the average difference between the actual and estimated LAI of [12]% for visual estimation, 28% for the LAI-2000^®, 37% for the ceptometer and ?43% for hemispherical photographs. The LAI-2000^® and ceptometer overestimated LAI in all plots, whereas hemispherical photographs underestimated the values in all measurements, showing that these methods need calibration to be used. No differences were observed between actual LAI and visual estimates across stand ages of 2–8 years and LAI of 1.5–5.3 m² m^?2 (P > 0.05). The results show that visual estimation of LAI in Eucalyptus stands is a practical method that is unaffected by atmospheric characteristics and can be used on an operational scale.     

枣棉间作条件下棉花密度对棉花光合特性及产量影响

在枣棉间作条件下,通过设置不同的棉花种植密度(13.5万、18.0万和22.5万株·hm-2),研究了密度对棉花光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明,间作棉花形态、荧光参数和光合特性受到枣树的显著不利影响,表现出明显的边行负效应。随着枣棉间距离的增加,不利影响减小,SPAD值、光系统II的实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和净光合速率(Pn)显著增加;随着密度增加,间作棉花LAI和干物质质量显著增加。密度为18万株·hm-2的间作棉花的光系统II的实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和产量显著高于13.5万株·hm-2和22.5万株·hm-2。在枣棉间作复合系统中,适当增加枣棉间距可以减轻枣树对棉花的不利影响,而较高的棉花密度也有利于棉花高产。     

水稻物质生产特性研究

以2005-2007年早晚造种植的5个水稻品种为材料,研究不同水稻品种的物质生产特性。研究结果表明,不同时期不同水稻品种的物质生产特性表现有一定的相似性,抽穗至乳熟期是水稻产量形成的关键时;2005年晚稻新丰两优6、2007年早稻富瑶美3号的产量最高,可能是因其中后期（抽穗期-乳熟期）具有较高的叶面积指数、群体净同化率和群体生长率。为提高水稻产量,要适当延迟氮肥的施用时期和水稻的生育期,加强水稻中后期管理,提高水稻干物质积累,以提高籽粒产量。     

冬小麦高产栽培新途径的研究

在分析以往高产典型及山东小麦高产途径演变的基础上,提出一条稳住叶面积系数、控制株型增穗数的小麦高产栽培新途径。并对运用该途径实现单产超过9 t/hm2的麦田进行分析,该途径通过先控后促的肥水运筹和通过减少单株叶面积增加单位面积成穗数等措施建立起大密度-小株型的群体结构,该结构在提高收获指数和粒叶比方面有明显的优势,且有助于促进源库流在高水平上协调与平衡,从而可实现产量上的突破。同时还为小麦高产育种和高产栽培研究提供了参考。