5种七彩神仙鱼5S rDNA序列的比较

采集鳍条,设计引物,提取了5种(黑格尔、盖子红、鸽子红、天子蓝、红点绿)七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon)的5S r DNA,分析了其序列。结果表明:5种七彩神仙鱼均具有201 bp和401 bp 5S r DNA结构单元,而黑格尔(野生)、盖子红和鸽子红分别具有300,299,338 bp 5S r DNA结构单元。其编码区高度保守,而非转录间隔区差异显著,特别是黑格尔(野生)300 bp、盖子红299 bp和鸽子红338 bp的非转录间隔区。5种七彩神仙鱼G+C碱基的含量很高。红点绿、盖子红、鸽子红和天子蓝4个人工品种与野生品种黑格尔的亲缘关系分别为97.53%、90.12%、88.89%和85.19%,其中红点绿与黑格尔的亲缘关系最近。     

面向农村的知识服务模式探讨

阐述了信息服务和知识服务的关系,并分析了国内农业知识服务现状。针对北京市农业信息化现状,提出了仓储式用户自助服务、订单式个性服务和参考咨询式专家服务3种面向京郊农村的知识服务模式。     

环鄱阳湖区部分叶菜类蔬菜重金属污染评价与来源分析

[目的]对环鄱阳湖区部分叶菜类蔬菜的重金属污染状况进行评价,并对其来源进行分析。[方法]测定环鄱阳湖区11个县的蔬菜基地、农家的3种叶菜类蔬菜共163个样品中的Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn重金属的含量,评价重金属的污染状况,通过比较2种来源蔬菜污染状况进一步分析环湖区蔬菜重金属的污染来源。[结果]环鄱阳湖区叶菜类蔬菜有2/3样品的重金属含量超标,超标率在50%以上,其中白菜Pb超标最为严重,超标率高达85.2%;单因子污染指数评价表明,环鄱阳湖区叶菜类蔬菜的安全和优良级别所占比例为66.9%,已受到一定程度的重金属污染,其中以芹菜受污染的程度最大,污染主要来源于Cr、Pb;在2种种植方式下,基地蔬菜受重金属污染水平较高于农家。[结论]环鄱阳湖经济区的工业、交通的大力发展已初步造成区域的蔬菜重金属污染,建议环湖区居民适当减少芹菜和基地蔬菜的食用来降低由此引起的健康风险。     

强化精细管理模式 提高队伍服务意识——浅谈如何加强我国科研院所农业示范基地管理

科研院所农业示范基地是我国农业科技成果转化的平台。近年来,我国科研院所农业示范基地发展迅速,但科研院所农业示范基地管理明显滞后于基地规模化的发展,针对这一问题,文章分析了我国科研院所农业示范基地的管理现状,指出了管理体系不完善的原因,并从优化基地管理模式、加强管理人员队伍建设等方面提出了加强农业示范基地管理的对策,以期使农业示范基地更好地服务于我国现代农业。     

施肥量与氮肥基追比对西农979产量和品质的效应

为给小麦品种西农979的优质高产栽培提供理论依据,在高、中两种施肥量(高肥:每公顷施纯氮270kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 120 kg;中肥:每公顷施纯氮180 kg、P2O5 120 kg、K2O 120 kg)和氮肥7:3、6:4、5:3 :2、10:0四种基追比例(一次追氮在拔节期进行,两次追氮分别在拔节期与孕穗期进行)条件下,研究了施肥量和氮肥基追比例对西农979产量和品质的影响.结果表明,高肥处理产量比中肥处理产量提高9.66%;无论在中肥或高肥条件下,籽粒产量均随氮肥追施比例的增加而提高.施肥量和氮肥基追比例对千粒重的影响较小,对穗粒数的影响居中,对群体穗数的调控作用较大.氮肥基追并施可显著提高成穗率.随施肥量的提高和氮肥追施比例的加大,群体穗数逐渐增加,籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量也有逐渐提高的趋势,但蛋白质含量增幅小,湿面筋含量增幅大.高施肥量下,氮肥基追比例5:3:2,西农979的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量最高,分别达到8 573.5 kg·hm-2、14.97%和32.12%.     

氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

为给小麦高产、高效、无污染及可持续生产提供合理的氮肥运筹技术和理论依据, 以烟农19为材料,在大田条件下,研究了不同施氮量和基追比例对土壤小麦系统氮素积累及分配的影响。结果表明,施氮可提高0~100 cm土体内的全氮含量。在小麦越冬前, 0~40 cm土层中NO3-N含量随氮肥用量和基肥比例的增加显著增加;起身期到拔节期,施氮量为180和240 kg·hm-2且基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶5∶2处理的0~40 cm土层内NO3-N含量下降,而施氮量为240 kg·hm-2且基肥∶拔节肥为7∶3和5∶5的处理及施氮量为300 kg·hm-2且基肥∶拔节肥为7∶3的处理则显著增加;拔节期到成熟期,随施氮量的增加,0~60 cm土层速效氮增加幅度有所提高。孕穗肥可明显提高灌浆期的植株全氮含量。因此,在240 kg·hm-2 施氮水平、基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶5∶2条件下,施氮既能减少土壤硝态氮累积量,又能有效降低土壤硝态氮污染地下水的可能性。     

Using fishers' anecdotes, naturalists' observations and grey literature to reassess marine species at risk: the case of the Gulf grouper in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Designing fishing policies without knowledge of past levels of target species abundance is a dangerous omission for fisheries management. However, as fisheries monitoring started long after exploitation of many species began, this is a difficult issue to address. Here we show how the ‘shifting baseline’ syndrome can affect the stock assessment of a vulnerable species by masking real population trends and thereby put marine animals at serious risk. Current fishery data suggest that landings of the large Gulf grouper (Mycteroperca jordani, Serranidae) are increasing in the Gulf of California. However, reviews of historical evidence, naturalists’ observations and a systematic documentation of fishers’ perceptions of trends in the abundance of this species indicate that it has dramatically declined. The heyday for the Gulf grouper fishery occurred prior to the 1970s, after which abundance dropped rapidly, probably falling to a few percent of former numbers. This decline happened long before fishery statistics were formally developed. We use the case of the Gulf grouper to illustrate how other vulnerable tropical and semi‐tropical fish and shellfish species around the world may be facing the same fate as the Gulf grouper. In accordance with other recent studies, we recommend using historical tools as part of a broad data‐gathering approach to assess the conservation status of marine species that are vulnerable to over‐exploitation.     

Dopamine modulates the physiological response of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

Levels of glucose, lactate, pO₂, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, TCO₂, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, protein, and oxyhemocyanin in the hemolymph and its osmolality and pH were measured when tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (13.5 ± 1.5 g body weight), were individually injected with saline or dopamine at 10^− 8, 10^− 7, or 10^− 6 mol shrimp^− 1. Results showed that hemolymph glucose, lactate, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, and TCO₂ values increased from 2 to 4 h; hemolymph osmolality, Na⁺, and total protein had increased at 2 h; and hemolymph K⁺ decreased from 2 to 8 h after the dopamine injection. All physiological parameters returned to the control values 4–16 h after receiving dopamine. The dopamine injection also significantly decreased the oxyhemocyanin/protein ratio of P. monodon which occurred at 2 h, resulting from an elevation of hemolymph protein and a slight decrease of oxyhemocyanin. These results suggest that stress-inducing dopamine caused a transient period of modulation of energy metabolism, osmoregulation, respiration, and the acid–base balance in P. monodon in adapting to this environmental stress.     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).     

水稻矮秆突变体Zj88d的鉴定与基因定位

 用甲基磺酸乙酯诱变处理常规粳稻浙粳88,获得了矮秆水稻突变体Zj88d,多代自交稳定遗传。遗传分析表明突变体Zj88d的矮秆性状受一对隐性核基因控制。采用图位克隆方法,将目的基因定位在水稻第7染色体短臂末端7 44w和RM5344间的603 kb区间。排查该区间包含的100个候选基因,发现已克隆的矮秆基因OSH15也位于其中。测序结果显示,突变体Zj88d中的OSH15基因在第2内含子最末位发生“g→a”单碱基突变。